Evaluation of the state of the art of psychological variables among exercisers at different levels

There is growing interest in the field of sport psychology to measure psychological variables among exercisers at different levels and between exercisers and non-exercisers, in order to identify beneficial activities in non-clinical and clinical groups (such as patients with metabolic diseases or osteoarticular disorders) and to implement psychological drivers for the promotion of greater athletic achievement and healthier lifestyles. [Clemente et al. 2019; Bernstein et al 2019; Zur et al. 2019]. The populations involved in these studies are highly heterogeneous and vary from professional athletes to laypeople, including fragile populations, such as the elderly, and people with chronic diseases, such as diabetes or obesity, who can benefit from physical activity [Kosteli et al. 2018; Ku et al. 2017; Matson et al. 2019]. Variables such as self-efficacy and self-regulation, depression, emotion, stress, and affect have been analysed and compared among athletes of various levels. Furthermore, a correlation of these variables with physical activity has been demonstrated [Zur et al. 2019; Myers et al 2017; Looyestyn et al. 2018]. Among different sport populations (e.g. athletes, semi-professional sport performers, and amateurs), psychological variables are assessed through validated scales and questionnaires and can be correlated with sport performance using objectively measured physical parameters (e.g. resting muscle tension, skin conductance, and respiration rate) through biofeedback technology [Myers et al 2017]. Novel technologies, including the use of computerised tests or online surveys, the involvement of participants using social media, the use of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) including wearables devices and sensor systems (such as global positioning systems - GPS, accelerometers, and heart rate monitoring sensors) appear promising for collection of relevant physical parameters [Lutz et al. 2019] and can be used both in regular exercise performers and laypeople [Looyestyn et al. 2018; Lin et al. 2018; Myers et al 2017].