A New Taxonomy of Flexibility Through Network Analysis

This study explores the complex relationships within Flexible Work Arrangements (FWAs) using network analysis and clustering techniques, moving beyond simplistic classifications. We analyse a comprehensive dataset of existing FWA taxonomies, including temporal, spatial, and managerial flexibility dimensions. The network analysis identified "remote office work" as a central node, underscoring its vital role in connecting various FWA modalities. The strength and nature of these connections varied considerably, revealing intricate interdependencies. This complexity underscores the need for a more detailed understanding of how FWAs are implemented. We identified two main groups through clustering analysis: a highly cohesive cluster that includes remote work and telework and a less cohesive cluster focused on workload management and work-life balance. The strong interconnectedness within the first cluster highlights the potential for strategically integrating remote work and telework into organisational FWA policies. In contrast, the less cohesive nature of the second cluster suggests the need for a more integrated approach to managing workloads and promoting employee well-being, which is essential for the successful implementation of FWAs and positive employee outcomes. Based on these findings, we propose a refined three-part taxonomy: Temporal Flexibility, which includes flexible hours, leave policies, and work-life balance; spatial Flexibility, which encompasses remote work, telework, location-based work, and shared workspaces; and Management of Flexible Work that addresses workload management, performance monitoring, specialised training for remote work, and supportive organisational structures. This taxonomy offers a more comprehensive and practical framework for organisations to design and implement effective FWA policies. Our research provides valuable insights for maximising organisational efficiency and employee well-being through targeted strategies. The integrated approach emphasises the reciprocal connections of FWA elements, moving beyond simple categorisation to a multivariate, cross-sectional understanding of flexible work practices. This ultimately contributes to more effective and beneficial flexible work strategies.