Total, dietary, and supplemental Vitamin C intake and risk of incident kidney stones

Background Previous studies of vitamin C and kidney stones were conducted mostly in men and either reported disparate results for supplemental and dietary vitamin C or did not examine dietary vitamin C. Study Design Prospective cohort analysis. Setting & Participants 156,735 women in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) I and II and 40,536 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS). Predictor Total, dietary, and supplemental vitamin C intake, adjusted for age, body mass index, thiazide use, and dietary factors. Outcomes Incident kidney stones. Results During a median follow-up of 11.3 to 11.7 years, 6,245 incident kidney stones were identified. After multivariable adjustment, total vitamin C intake (<90 [reference], 90-249, 250-499, 500-999, and ≥1,000 mg/d) was not significantly associated with risk for kidney stones among women, but was among men (HRs of 1.00 [reference], 1.19 [95% CI, 0.99-1.46], 1.15 [95% CI, 0.93-1.42], 1.29 [95% CI, 1.04-1.60], and 1.43 [95% CI, 1.15-1.79], respectively; P for trend = 0.005). Median total vitamin C intake for the 500- to 999-mg/d category was ∼700 mg/d. Supplemental vitamin C intake (no use [reference], <500, 500-999, and ≥1,000 mg/d) was not significantly associated with risk for kidney stones among women, but was among men (HR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.01-1.40] for ≥1,000 mg/d; P for trend = 0.001). Dietary vitamin C intake was not associated with stones among men or women, although few participants had dietary intakes > 700 mg/d. Limitations Nutrient intakes derived from food-frequency questionnaires, lack of data on stone composition for all cases. Conclusions Total and supplemental vitamin C intake was significantly associated with higher risk for incident kidney stones in men, but not in women.