Introduzione e obiettivi. Negli ultimi decenni, l’insicurezza lavorativa, ovvero la preoccupazione di perdere il proprio posto di lavoro, è diventata un aspetto sempre più rilevante sia per i lavoratori che per le organizzazioni. I cambiamenti nel mercato del lavoro, la competizione globale, l’innovazione tecnologica, sono fattori che hanno determinato nel corso degli anni una minor sicurezza finanziaria per le organizzazioni e, di conseguenza, sempre meno sicurezza del lavoro per gli individui. Accanto a questi fattori che hanno caratterizzato gli ultimi decenni, si è aggiunta la recente crisi economica che ha contribuito ad aumentare le sensazioni di incertezza, stress e ansietà dei lavoratori rispetto al futuro del proprio impiego. L’intensificarsi delle percezioni di insicurezza lavorativa ha portato un numero crescente di studiosi ad interessarsi dell’argomento e delle problematiche collegate. Alcune rassegne e meta-analisi (De Witte, 2005; Sverke, Hellgreen & Näswall, 2002; Cheng & Chan, 2008) hanno in particolare sottolineato gli effetti negativi dell’insicurezza. Nello specifico, Sverke e colleghi (2002) hanno proposto una classificazione delle potenziali conseguenze, basata su quattro aspetti: immediate o a lungo termine, focalizzate sull’individuo o sull’organizzazione. Infatti, certi tipi di strain, come gli atteggiamenti, possono svilupparsi più “vicini” nel tempo all’esperienza di stress, mentre altri, come i comportamenti, possono manifestarsi dopo un più lungo periodo di tempo (vedi Zapf, Dormann, & Frese, 1996). Inoltre, alcune conseguenze hanno il loro maggiore impatto sull’individuo e solo indirettamente sull’organizzazione (es., la salute), mentre altre tendono ad essere dannose soprattutto per l’organizzazione e hanno soltanto un effetto indiretto sull’individuo (es., performance). Numerose ricerche hanno ben evidenziato gli effetti negativi dell’insicurezza, tuttavia la forza delle relazioni è risultata variare tra gli studi. Inoltre, alcune conseguenze hanno ricevuto meno attenzione di ricerca e in alcuni casi i risultati emersi appaiono contrastanti. Alla luce di queste riflessioni, si è sviluppata la presente tesi che ha come scopo generale quello di aumentare la comprensione delle relazioni tra insicurezza lavorativa e sue conseguenze, indirizzando diversi obiettivi specifici di ricerca. Il primo obiettivo si propone di esaminare in particolare quelle reazioni all’insicurezza poco approfondite dalla letteratura. Il secondo obiettivo consiste nello studiare i meccanismi di moderazione che possono contribuire ad attenuare la relazione insicurezza lavorativa–conseguenze negative. Il terzo e ultimo obiettivo punta ad investigare i possibili meccanismi di mediazione che contribuiscono a spiegare come e perché le percezioni di insicurezza si traducono in conseguenze per l’individuo e l’organizzazione. Sia nei meccanismi di moderazione che in quelli di mediazione, le percezioni di giustizia organizzativa possono giocare un ruolo rilevante. In particolare, la teoria euristica della giustizia, i modelli strumentali e quelli relazionali della giustizia possono fornire un’interpretazione di come si sviluppano le reazioni all’insicurezza. Struttura della tesi. Il primo capitolo, introduttivo, presenta lo stato dell’arte nella ricerca sull’insicurezza lavorativa, le sue conseguenze e il ruolo della giustizia organizzativa in queste relazioni. I tre capitoli centrali presentano i tre studi proposti. Lo Studio 1 si focalizza sulle reazioni all’insicurezza di tipo organizzativo poco esaminate dalla ricerca, come i comportamenti di cittadinanza organizzativa e la performance lavorativa. Inoltre, analizza il ruolo di moderazione di tre tipi di giustizia (distributiva, procedurale e interazionale) su queste conseguenze, testando in tal modo i principi del modello di gestione dell’incertezza (Lind & Van den Bos, 2002) ma considerando le percezioni di giustizia (e non l’insicurezza, come proposto dal modello) come variabili moderatrici. Lo Studio 2, invece, esamina la rottura del contratto psicologico e la giustizia organizzativa (procedurale e interazionale) come due distinte variabili di mediazione che intervengono nella relazione tra insicurezza lavorativa e due opposti comportamenti organizzativi discrezionali (di cittadinanza e devianti), poco indagati nella letteratura sull’insicurezza. Infine, lo Studio 3 considera due variabili di mediazione che agiscono l’una sull’altra in una catena causale (rottura del contratto psicologico e ingiustizia distributiva), per spiegare la relazione tra insicurezza lavorativa ed esaurimento emotivo, l’elemento principale del burnout. Il quinto e conclusivo capitolo discute i risultati generali ottenuti nei diversi studi, alla luce degli obiettivi specifici proposti, sottolineando i contributi empirici e teorici forniti ed evidenziando i limiti metodologici. Modello teorico della ricerca. I modelli teorici proposti nei tre studi sono stati sviluppati alla luce delle teorie dello stress (transazionale di Lazarus e Folkman, 1984, di conservazione delle risorse di Hobfoll, 1989) e della teoria del contratto psicologico (Rousseau, 1989), per comprendere le conseguenze dell’insicurezza lavorativa. Queste sono state integrate con vari modelli teorici della giustizia organizzativa (teoria euristica, modelli strumentali e relazionali) per fornire un’interpretazione dei meccanismi di moderazione e mediazione attraverso i quali le conseguenze si sviluppano. Metodologia della ricerca. Il progetto di ricerca ha coinvolto 5 aziende di medie e piccole dimensioni, dislocate tra Verona e Trento, e un totale di 570 operai, una categoria di lavoratori particolarmente colpita dalla recente crisi economica. La ricerca è stata realizzata attraverso la somministrazione di un questionario composto da varie scale Likert che misuravano le diverse variabili comprese negli studi. Risultati della ricerca. Il ruolo della giustizia organizzativa si è dimostrato determinante nelle relazioni tra insicurezza lavorativa e conseguenze, in tutti e tre gli studi. Nel primo, le percezioni di giustizia procedurale e interazionale sono risultate moderare la relazione tra insicurezza e conseguenze organizzative (commitment affettivo, comportamenti di cittadinanza organizzativa e performance percepita). Nel secondo studio, la relazione tra insicurezza e due opposti comportamenti extra-ruolo (di cittadinanza e contro-produttivi) era pienamente spiegata da due distinte variabili di mediazione, la giustizia organizzativa (procedurale e interazionale) e la rottura del contratto psicologico (multiple mediation model). Infine, nel terzo studio abbiamo esaminato come reazione all’insicurezza il burnout, in particolare l’esaurimento emotivo che è considerato l’elemento cardine. Questa relazione è stata spiegata attraverso i processi di scambio sociale, utilizzando due variabili di mediazione l’una connessa all’altra, ovvero la rottura del contratto psicologico e l’ingiustizia distributiva (three-path mediational model). In conclusione, il risultato principale di questo lavoro di ricerca dimostra che le teorie e i modelli della giustizia organizzativa possono contribuire a spiegare le conseguenze dell’insicurezza, attraverso meccanismi di moderazione e di mediazione. Da un punto di vista teorico, questo permette di comprendere meglio il costrutto dell’insicurezza e, in particolare, come le percezioni di incertezza si traducono in conseguenze negative per l’individuo e l’organizzazione. Le implicazioni pratiche possono essere considerate in relazione ai possibili interventi da parte del management su fattori organizzativi, come appunto quelli della giustizia, volti a migliorare le percezioni di equità e, di conseguenza, la relazione insicurezza-conseguenze negative.
Introduction and aims. In recent decades, job insecurity, that is the worry of job loss, has become increasingly important both for workers and organizations. The changes in the labor market, global competition, technological innovation, are factors that have determined over the years less financial security for organizations and, consequently, fewer job security for individuals. In addition to these factors that have characterized the last decades, the recent economic crisis added and it has contributed to increase the feelings of uncertainty, stress and anxiety of workers about the future of their job. As shown by OECD report on employment (Employment Outlook, 2011), there has been a deterioration in the labor market, particularly over the last four years, with an increase in unemployment not only among the atypical or temporary workers, but even among permanent employees. The increase of job insecurity perceptions has led a growing number of scholars to be interested in this topic and related issues. Several reviews and meta-analysis (De Witte, 2005; Sverke, Hellgreen & Näswall, 2002, Cheng & Chan, 2008) in particular have highlighted the negative effects of insecurity. Specifically, Sverke and colleagues (2002) have proposed a classification of potential consequences, based on four aspects: immediate or long-term, focused on individual or on organization. In fact, certain types of strain, such as attitudes, can develop "closer" in time to the stress experience, whereas others, such behavior, can occur after a longer period of time (see Zapf, Dormann, & Frese, 1996). In addition, some effects have their main impact on the individual and only indirectly on the organization (e.g., health), whereas other outcomes tend to be particularly harmful for the organization and have only an indirect effect on the individual (e.g., performance). Numerous studies have clearly shown the negative effects of job insecurity, but the strength of relationships resulted to vary among studies. In addition, some consequences have received less attention of research and, in some cases, the findings appear contradictory. In light of these considerations, the present thesis has been developed; the general aim is to increase the understanding of the relationship between job insecurity and its consequences, by addressing several specific research aims. The first aim proposes to examine reactions to insecurity especially those have not been thoroughly investigated in the literature. The second aim consists in studying the mechanisms of moderation that can buffer the relationship job insecurity-negative consequences. The third and final aim intends to investigate the possible mediating mechanisms which can explain how and why job insecurity perceptions translate into consequences for individual and organization. Both in the mechanisms of moderation than in mediating, the perceptions of organizational justice play an important role. In particular, fairness heuristic theory, instrumental and relational models of justice can provide an interpretation of how the reactions to job insecurity develop. Dissertation structure. The first chapter, introductory, presents the state of art about job insecurity research, its consequences and the role of organizational justice in these relationships. The three central chapters show the three proposed studies. Study 1 focuses on organizational reactions to job insecurity little examined by research, such as organizational citizenship behaviors and job performance. Furthermore, it analyses the moderating role of three types of justice (distributive, procedural, and interactional) on these consequences, thereby testing the principles of uncertainty management model (Lind & Van den Bos, 2002) but considering justice perceptions (and not job insecurity, as proposed by the model) like moderating variables. Study 2 examines breach of psychological contract and organizational justice (procedural and interactional) as two different variables intervening in the relationship between job insecurity and opposite organizational discretionary behaviors (citizenship and deviant), little investigated in the literature on job insecurity. Study 3 considers two mediating variables acting on each other in a causal chain (breach of psychological contract and distributive injustice), to explain the relationship between job insecurity and emotional exhaustion, the core element of burnout. The fifth and final chapter discusses the general results obtained in the different studies, in light of the specific aims proposed, emphasizing the empirical and theoretical contributions provided and highlighting the methodological limitations. Theoretical research model. The theoretical models proposed in the three studies were developed in the light of stress theories (transactional theory by Lazarus and Folkman, 1984, conservation of resources by Hobfoll, 1989) and the theory of psychological contract (Rousseau, 1989), to understand the consequences of job insecurity. These have been integrated with various theoretical models of organizational justice (fairness heuristic theory, instrumental and relational models) to provide an interpretation of moderation and mediation mechanisms through which the consequences develop. Research methodology. The research project involved 5 organizations of medium and small size, located between Verona and Trento, and a total of 570 blue-collar workers, a category particularly affected by the recent economic crisis. The research was carried out by administering a questionnaire consisting of several Likert scales that measured different variables included in studies. Research results. The role of organizational justice has demonstrated decisive in the relationships between job insecurity and its consequences, in all three studies. In the first, perceptions of procedural and interactional justice resulted to moderate the relationship between job insecurity and organizational consequences (affective commitment, organizational citizenship behaviors and perceived performance). In the second study, the relationship between job insecurity and two opposite extra-role behaviors (citizenship and counter-productive) was fully explained by two different mediating variables, organizational justice (procedural and interactional) and breach of psychological contract (multiple mediation model). Finally, in the third study we examined burnout as reaction to job insecurity, in particular the emotional exhaustion which is considered the key element. This relationship was explained through the processes of social exchange, using two mediating variables connecting to each other, i.e. breach of psychological contract and distributive injustice (three-path mediational model). In summary, the main result of this research shows that theories and models of organizational justice may contribute to explain the consequences of job insecurity, through mechanisms of moderation and mediation. From a theoretical point of view, this allows a better understanding of job insecurity’s construct and, in particular how the perceptions of uncertainty translate into negative consequences for individuals and organizations. The practical implications can be considered in relation to possible actions by management on organizational factors, as indeed those of justice, to improve perceptions of equity and, consequently, the relationship insecurity-negative consequences.
Job Insecurity, Organizational Consequences and Individual Well-Being: The Role of Organizational Justice
PICCOLI, BEATRICE
2012-01-01
Abstract
Introduction and aims. In recent decades, job insecurity, that is the worry of job loss, has become increasingly important both for workers and organizations. The changes in the labor market, global competition, technological innovation, are factors that have determined over the years less financial security for organizations and, consequently, fewer job security for individuals. In addition to these factors that have characterized the last decades, the recent economic crisis added and it has contributed to increase the feelings of uncertainty, stress and anxiety of workers about the future of their job. As shown by OECD report on employment (Employment Outlook, 2011), there has been a deterioration in the labor market, particularly over the last four years, with an increase in unemployment not only among the atypical or temporary workers, but even among permanent employees. The increase of job insecurity perceptions has led a growing number of scholars to be interested in this topic and related issues. Several reviews and meta-analysis (De Witte, 2005; Sverke, Hellgreen & Näswall, 2002, Cheng & Chan, 2008) in particular have highlighted the negative effects of insecurity. Specifically, Sverke and colleagues (2002) have proposed a classification of potential consequences, based on four aspects: immediate or long-term, focused on individual or on organization. In fact, certain types of strain, such as attitudes, can develop "closer" in time to the stress experience, whereas others, such behavior, can occur after a longer period of time (see Zapf, Dormann, & Frese, 1996). In addition, some effects have their main impact on the individual and only indirectly on the organization (e.g., health), whereas other outcomes tend to be particularly harmful for the organization and have only an indirect effect on the individual (e.g., performance). Numerous studies have clearly shown the negative effects of job insecurity, but the strength of relationships resulted to vary among studies. In addition, some consequences have received less attention of research and, in some cases, the findings appear contradictory. In light of these considerations, the present thesis has been developed; the general aim is to increase the understanding of the relationship between job insecurity and its consequences, by addressing several specific research aims. The first aim proposes to examine reactions to insecurity especially those have not been thoroughly investigated in the literature. The second aim consists in studying the mechanisms of moderation that can buffer the relationship job insecurity-negative consequences. The third and final aim intends to investigate the possible mediating mechanisms which can explain how and why job insecurity perceptions translate into consequences for individual and organization. Both in the mechanisms of moderation than in mediating, the perceptions of organizational justice play an important role. In particular, fairness heuristic theory, instrumental and relational models of justice can provide an interpretation of how the reactions to job insecurity develop. Dissertation structure. The first chapter, introductory, presents the state of art about job insecurity research, its consequences and the role of organizational justice in these relationships. The three central chapters show the three proposed studies. Study 1 focuses on organizational reactions to job insecurity little examined by research, such as organizational citizenship behaviors and job performance. Furthermore, it analyses the moderating role of three types of justice (distributive, procedural, and interactional) on these consequences, thereby testing the principles of uncertainty management model (Lind & Van den Bos, 2002) but considering justice perceptions (and not job insecurity, as proposed by the model) like moderating variables. Study 2 examines breach of psychological contract and organizational justice (procedural and interactional) as two different variables intervening in the relationship between job insecurity and opposite organizational discretionary behaviors (citizenship and deviant), little investigated in the literature on job insecurity. Study 3 considers two mediating variables acting on each other in a causal chain (breach of psychological contract and distributive injustice), to explain the relationship between job insecurity and emotional exhaustion, the core element of burnout. The fifth and final chapter discusses the general results obtained in the different studies, in light of the specific aims proposed, emphasizing the empirical and theoretical contributions provided and highlighting the methodological limitations. Theoretical research model. The theoretical models proposed in the three studies were developed in the light of stress theories (transactional theory by Lazarus and Folkman, 1984, conservation of resources by Hobfoll, 1989) and the theory of psychological contract (Rousseau, 1989), to understand the consequences of job insecurity. These have been integrated with various theoretical models of organizational justice (fairness heuristic theory, instrumental and relational models) to provide an interpretation of moderation and mediation mechanisms through which the consequences develop. Research methodology. The research project involved 5 organizations of medium and small size, located between Verona and Trento, and a total of 570 blue-collar workers, a category particularly affected by the recent economic crisis. The research was carried out by administering a questionnaire consisting of several Likert scales that measured different variables included in studies. Research results. The role of organizational justice has demonstrated decisive in the relationships between job insecurity and its consequences, in all three studies. In the first, perceptions of procedural and interactional justice resulted to moderate the relationship between job insecurity and organizational consequences (affective commitment, organizational citizenship behaviors and perceived performance). In the second study, the relationship between job insecurity and two opposite extra-role behaviors (citizenship and counter-productive) was fully explained by two different mediating variables, organizational justice (procedural and interactional) and breach of psychological contract (multiple mediation model). Finally, in the third study we examined burnout as reaction to job insecurity, in particular the emotional exhaustion which is considered the key element. This relationship was explained through the processes of social exchange, using two mediating variables connecting to each other, i.e. breach of psychological contract and distributive injustice (three-path mediational model). In summary, the main result of this research shows that theories and models of organizational justice may contribute to explain the consequences of job insecurity, through mechanisms of moderation and mediation. From a theoretical point of view, this allows a better understanding of job insecurity’s construct and, in particular how the perceptions of uncertainty translate into negative consequences for individuals and organizations. The practical implications can be considered in relation to possible actions by management on organizational factors, as indeed those of justice, to improve perceptions of equity and, consequently, the relationship insecurity-negative consequences.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Tesi Dottorato.pdf
non disponibili
Tipologia:
Tesi di dottorato
Licenza:
Dominio pubblico
Dimensione
767.03 kB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
767.03 kB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri Richiedi una copia |
I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.