Caratteristica della fibrosi cistica (FC) è la colonizzazione del polmone da parte di batteri, in particolare Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa). Essa prevede l’instaurarsi di un’interazione batterio-ospite, la quale è mediata non solo dal contatto diretto con il microorganismo, solitamente ostacolato dalla presenza di dense secrezioni e dall’insediamento di ceppi mucoidi, ma anche dal rilascio di fattori specifici. Pa cresce nelle vie respiratorie di pazienti FC in condizioni di microaerobiosi. Quando le cellule epiteliali delle vie respiratorie FC sono state trattate con surnatante batterico ottenuto in seguito alla cultura del ceppo clinico AA2, cresciuto in aerobiosi e microaerobiosi, si è osservato in entrambi le condizioni un significativo aumento di IL-8 mRNA, a differenza del surnatante del ceppo di laboratorio PAO1 che non ha indotto alcuna significativa risposta pro-infiammatoria. Allo scopo di individuare fattori proteici rilasciati da Pa aventi attività pro-infiammatoria è stata applicato un approccio proteomico innovativo (MudPIT: Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology) che ha permesso di identificare 451 e 235 proteine nel surnatante di AA2 e PAO1 rispettivamente. L’analisi proteomica ha rivelato che varie proteine sono espresse e rilasciate in modo differente a seconda del ceppo, clinico o di laboratorio, e delle condizioni di coltura, aerobiche o microaerobiche. Tra queste, di particolare interesse, vi sono undici diverse proteasi che sono state trovate nel surnatante del ceppo AA2, mentre solo quattro sono stati rilevate nel surnatante del ceppo PAO1. Ecotin, un inibitore delle proteasi, è presente in quantità notevole nel surnatante di PAO1 rispetto a quello di AA2 ottenuti entrambi in microaerobiosi. Questi risultati sono stati confermati dai saggi di Western blot e zimogramma. Il livello di espressione delle proteasi e dell’inibitore ecotin nei due ceppi correla con l’attività pro-infiammatoria osservata in vitro. Solo nel 31% dei ceppi di Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolati da pazienti FC cronicamente infetti è stata osservata una discreta attività metalloproteasica mentre è state identificata in tutti gli isolati che derivano da pazienti FC infettati sporadicamente. Questi risultati suggeriscono che la tecnologia MudPIT può essere utile per dipanare la complessità del microambiente polmonare caratterizzato da infezione e infiammazione cronici e per facilitare l'identificazione delle molecole chiave coinvolte nell’interazione tra batterio Pa e vie respiratorie. Negli ultimi anni c’è stato un crescente interesse per l'utilizzo dell’antibiotico azitromicina (AZM) per il trattamento delle patologie polmonari in pazienti affetti da fibrosi cistica. L’azitromicina agisce quale inibitore della sintesi proteica nei batteri. Nonostante Pseudomonas aeruginosa risulti essere resistente all’azione del farmaco, la somministrazione del macrolide comporta in soggetti affetti da infezione cronica un miglioramento dell’intero quadro patologico. E’ stato suggerito che la modulazione dei fattori di virulenza di Pa sia correlata agli effetti benefici riscontrati nei pazienti FC. Abbiamo testato gli effetti dell’ azitromicina in relazione all’ isolato clinico AA2, per stabilire come questo farmaco potrebbe interferire con la produzione dei fattori di virulenza batterica. Abbiamo dimostrato che l'aumento di IL-8 mRNA in cellule epiteliali CF indotto dal surnatante prodotto dalla coltura di AA2 è stato significativamente ridotto quando il ceppo clinico è stato cresciuto in presenza di AZM, suggerendo che questo macrolide riduce la patogenicità di Pa. Nel tentativo di ottenere informazioni sull'identità delle molecole rilasciato dal ceppo clinico PA prima e dopo il trattamento con AZM abbiamo applicato la tecnologia MudPIT. Abbiamo trovato 12 proteine differenzialmente espresse e rilasciate nel surnatante di AA2 cresciuto in presenza e assenza dell’antibiotico. Una delle proteine di interesse è la metalloproteasi alcalina (APR) che viene down-regolata in presenza di AZM. E’ stato anche osservato che AZM diminuisce l'attività metalloproteasica e l’espressione di APR in surnatanti di isolati clinici di individui infettati sporadicamente, mentre nessun effetto è stato osservato nei surnatanti isolati di pazienti FC cronicamente infetti. Questi risultati sono stati validati per mezzo di zimogramma e Western blot. L'analisi MudPIT delle proteine rilasciate dal ceppo clinico AA2 cresciuto in assenza e in presenza di AZM suggerisce che tale macrolide possa diminuire l'espressione e il rilascio di fattori associati alla virulenza del batterio. Gli effetti dell’ AZM, inoltre, sull'espressione e il rilascio di fattori pro-infiammatori da ceppi clinici possono contribuire a spiegare i benefici clinici associati con la terapia del macrolide.
Colonization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) is a hallmark of lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF), where microaerobic conditions develop as a consequence of disease progression. Conditioned medium (CM) obtained from Pa clinical strain AA2, unlike the CM from laboratory strain PAO1, induces in airway epithelial cells IL-8 mRNA in both aerobic and microaerobic conditions. The effect was impaired by protease digestion. Shotgun proteomic analysis (Multidimensional protein identification technology: MudPIT) of conditioned medium of PAO1 and AA2 identified 451 and 235 individual proteins. Various proteins were found differentially regulated between strains and culture conditions. Among these eleven different proteases were found released by the AA2 strain, while fewer peptides of only four of them were detected in the PAO1 strain. Ecotin, a protease inhibitor, was found to be highly represented in PAO1 in comparison with AA2 grown in microaerobiosis. These results were confirmed by functional assay (zymography) and western blotting. The pattern of expression of several proteases and their inhibitor ecotin correlates with pro-inflammatory activity in vitro better than other candidate virulence factors. Only 31% of the Pa strains isolates from chronically infected CF patients expressed detectable metalloprotease activity while all the isolates derived from sporadically infected individuals scored positive (individual strains analyzed: 42, p<0.002). These results suggest that high-throughput approaches are critical to unravel the complexity of the pro-inflammatory microenvironment associated to the presence of Pa and to facilitate the identification of key molecules involved in Pa biology/pathology. There is considerable interest in the use of azithromycin (AZM) for the treatment of lung disease in patients with cystic fibrosis. Although its mechanism of action as an inhibitor of bacterial protein synthesis has been well established, it is less clear how AZM ameliorates the lung disease associated with P. aeruginosa, which is considered to be resistant to the drug. Modulation of Pa virulence factors was suggested as mechanism for AZM beneficial effects in CF patients. We tested the effects of azithromycin on clinical isolate AA2 to establish how this drug might interfere with the production of bacterial virulence factors that are relevant to the pathogenesis of airway disease in CF patients. We demonstrated that the increase of IL-8 mRNA in CF epithelial cells induced by CM from AA2 was significantly reduced when the clinical strain was grown in the presence of AZM, suggesting that this macrolide reduces Pa pathogenicity. In the attempt to gain information on the identity of the molecules released by Pa clinical strain before and after treatment with AZM we applied MudPIT. We found 5 upregulated and 7 downregulated proteins in CM from AA2 incubated with AZM. Peptides from the alkaline metalloproteinase precursor (APR) were less represented in CM derived from AA2 strain grown in presence of AZM than in those from the same strain cultured in absence of this macrolide. AZM was observed also to decrease the metalloprotease activity and APR expression in CM of Pa isolates derived from sporadically infected individuals while any effect was detected in CM of Pa isolates from chronically infected CF patients. These results was validated by means of zymography assay and western blot technique. The MudPIT analysis of released proteins from Pa clinical isolate grown alone and in presence of AZM gives suggestion on the macrolide ability to decrease the expression of substances that contributes to Pa virulence, such as alkaline metalloproteinase. The effects of AZM on the expression and release of selected polypeptides by Pa strains may help to explain the clinical benefits associated with macrolide therapy.
Identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa released proteins: effects of oxygen limitation and azithromycin treatment in clinical and laboratory strains
BERGAMINI, Gabriella
2010-01-01
Abstract
Colonization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) is a hallmark of lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF), where microaerobic conditions develop as a consequence of disease progression. Conditioned medium (CM) obtained from Pa clinical strain AA2, unlike the CM from laboratory strain PAO1, induces in airway epithelial cells IL-8 mRNA in both aerobic and microaerobic conditions. The effect was impaired by protease digestion. Shotgun proteomic analysis (Multidimensional protein identification technology: MudPIT) of conditioned medium of PAO1 and AA2 identified 451 and 235 individual proteins. Various proteins were found differentially regulated between strains and culture conditions. Among these eleven different proteases were found released by the AA2 strain, while fewer peptides of only four of them were detected in the PAO1 strain. Ecotin, a protease inhibitor, was found to be highly represented in PAO1 in comparison with AA2 grown in microaerobiosis. These results were confirmed by functional assay (zymography) and western blotting. The pattern of expression of several proteases and their inhibitor ecotin correlates with pro-inflammatory activity in vitro better than other candidate virulence factors. Only 31% of the Pa strains isolates from chronically infected CF patients expressed detectable metalloprotease activity while all the isolates derived from sporadically infected individuals scored positive (individual strains analyzed: 42, p<0.002). These results suggest that high-throughput approaches are critical to unravel the complexity of the pro-inflammatory microenvironment associated to the presence of Pa and to facilitate the identification of key molecules involved in Pa biology/pathology. There is considerable interest in the use of azithromycin (AZM) for the treatment of lung disease in patients with cystic fibrosis. Although its mechanism of action as an inhibitor of bacterial protein synthesis has been well established, it is less clear how AZM ameliorates the lung disease associated with P. aeruginosa, which is considered to be resistant to the drug. Modulation of Pa virulence factors was suggested as mechanism for AZM beneficial effects in CF patients. We tested the effects of azithromycin on clinical isolate AA2 to establish how this drug might interfere with the production of bacterial virulence factors that are relevant to the pathogenesis of airway disease in CF patients. We demonstrated that the increase of IL-8 mRNA in CF epithelial cells induced by CM from AA2 was significantly reduced when the clinical strain was grown in the presence of AZM, suggesting that this macrolide reduces Pa pathogenicity. In the attempt to gain information on the identity of the molecules released by Pa clinical strain before and after treatment with AZM we applied MudPIT. We found 5 upregulated and 7 downregulated proteins in CM from AA2 incubated with AZM. Peptides from the alkaline metalloproteinase precursor (APR) were less represented in CM derived from AA2 strain grown in presence of AZM than in those from the same strain cultured in absence of this macrolide. AZM was observed also to decrease the metalloprotease activity and APR expression in CM of Pa isolates derived from sporadically infected individuals while any effect was detected in CM of Pa isolates from chronically infected CF patients. These results was validated by means of zymography assay and western blot technique. The MudPIT analysis of released proteins from Pa clinical isolate grown alone and in presence of AZM gives suggestion on the macrolide ability to decrease the expression of substances that contributes to Pa virulence, such as alkaline metalloproteinase. The effects of AZM on the expression and release of selected polypeptides by Pa strains may help to explain the clinical benefits associated with macrolide therapy.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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