Presence of T3SS2 and other virulence-related genes in tdh-negative Vibrio parahaemolyticus environmental strains isolated from marine samples in the area of the Venetian Lagoon, Italy

Vibrio parahaemolyticus-mediated disease has traditionally been associated with two virulence factors, thermostable direct haemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related haemolysin (TRH), which are present in most clinical isolates. Recently, it has been suggested that other virulence-related factors, such as some type III secretion system (T3SS) proteins, urease and DNA-methyltransferase, among others, might also play a role in disease caused by this bacterial species and have been shown to be carried by clinical, but not by environmental strains. Screening for a number of virulence and virulence-related genes in a collection of V parahaemolyticus strains isolated from the Italian Adriatic coast indicates that in addition to the trh-positive strains isolated (6%), a significant percentage (18%) of these strains contain one or more genes with a possible role in pathogenicity. Specifically, some of the V. parahaemolyticus strains described in this study are the first environmental strains ! ever detected carrying T3SS2 genes. Data obtained by reverse transcription-PCR on environmental strain RNA indicate that at least some of these genes are functional. On the basis of the results obtained, it is suggested that such strains might constitute an environmental reservoir of genes possibly contributing to V parahaemolyticus pathogenicity and to the spread, in the marine environment, of virulence-related genes usually found in clinical strains.