Glycyrrhizin attenuates the development of carrageenan-induced lung injury in mice

Glycyrrhizin is a triterpene glycoside, a major active constituent of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root and numerous pharmacological effects like anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-tumour and hepatoprotective activities has been attributed to it. In this study we evaluated the anti-inflammatory activities of glycyrrhizin in mice model of acute inflammation, carrageenan-induced pleurisy. We report here that glycyrrhizin (given at 10 mg/kg i.p. 5 min prior to carrageenan) exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects in this model. Injection of carrageenan into the pleural cavity of mice elicited an acute inflammatory response characterized by fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity which contained a large number of neutrophils (PMNs) as well as an infiltration of PMNs in lung tissues and subsequent lipid peroxidation (as determinated by thiobarbituric acid-reactant substances measurement) and increased production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). All these parameters were attenuated by glycyrrhizin. Furthermore, carrageenan induced an upregulation of the expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), P-selectin, as well as an increase in the amounts of nitrotyrosine and poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), as determined by immunohistochemical analysis of lung tissues. The degree of staining for the ICAM-1, P-selectin, nitrotyrosine and PAR was significantly reduced by glycyrrhizin. Additionally, we demonstrate that these inflammatory events were associated with the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and signal transducer and activator transcription-3 (STAT-3) activation in the lung. NF-kappaB and STAT-3 activation were significantly reduced by glycyrrhizin treatment. Taken together, our results indicate that prevention of the activation of NF-kappaB and STAT-3 by glycyrrhizin reduces the development of acute inflammation.