Cancer vaccines and immune monitoring: shaping the future of cancer treatment

The successful clinical translation of cancer vaccines will not only depend on continued innovation in vaccine platforms and delivery systems but also on the parallel development of robust laboratory monitoring strategies. By integrating multiparametric testing, clinicians will be able to better identify patients who are most likely to benefit, optimize treatment regimens in real time, and refine vaccine design for broader efficacy. To this end, immune monitoring is not merely an adjunct to vaccine therapy, but an indispensable tool that will shape patient selection, guide adaptive treatment strategies, and accelerate the realization of cancer vaccines as a transformative modality in precision oncology.