Minimally invasive hepatectomy vs. thermoablation for single small (≤3 cm) hepatocellular carcinoma: A weighted real-life national comparison

Background & Aims: For patients with single small (<-3 cm) hepatocellular carcinoma ablation is the first-line treatment, although a high rate of recurrence has been reported. The aim was to compare videolaparoscopic liver resection (laparoscopic resection group) vs. percutaneous thermoablation (ablation group) in terms of overall survival, recurrence-free survival and early recurrence in a real-life national scenario.Methods: The study is a retrospective collection with subsequent survival analysis. Data were collected from two Italian HCC registries, ITA.LI.CA and HE.RC.O.LE.S. An inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis was performed to balance baseline differences between groups. The Kaplan-Meier method and double-robust Cox multivariable regression were run to estimate the survival and the risk of mortality and recurrence.Results: Between 2008 and 2022, 1,465 patients were enrolled. The laparoscopic resection group and ablation group consisted of 496 and 969 patients, respectively. At baseline, the ablation group had more advanced liver disease, with higher rates of cirrhosis (90.7% vs. 77.3%, p <0.001) and Child-Pugh B status (18.4% vs. 8.8%, p <0.001). After a median follow-up of 59 months and after weighting median overall survival was 60 months (95% CI 52-66) for the ablation group and 93 months (95% CI 75-110) for the laparoscopic resection group (hazard ratio [HR] 0.607, 95% CI 0.533-0.691, p <0.001). Median recurrence-free survival was 26 months (95% CI 23-29) for the ablation group and 39 months (95% CI 30-55) for the laparoscopic resection group (HR 0.736, 95% CI 0.659-0.822, p = 0.0013). Laparoscopy was associated with a reduced risk of early recurrence (HR 0.747, 95% CI 0.655-0.853, p = 0.011).Conclusions: This study provides real-world evidence that for patients with single <= 3 cm HCC, videolaparoscopic liver resection offers superior long-term oncological outcomes compared with thermoablation. These findings support the preference for surgical treatment in this patient population.(c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).