Two cases of relapsed HIV-associated visceral leishmaniasis successfully treated with combination therapy

Background: The management of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in HIV-infected patients is often complex with patients experiencing higher mortality rates, more toxic side effects and a higher possibility of treatment failure and relapse than HIV-negative individuals with VL. Case presentation: We report on successful salvage therapy in two HIV-infected patients suffering with dissemi- nated cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, recalcitrant to therapy with liposomal amphotericin B. After the employ- ment of combination anti-leishmanial treatment, parasite genomes were not detectable up to the last follow up visit, 57 and 78 weeks after treatment onset, respectively. CD4+ lymphocyte counts fluctuated over time, but were gener- ally higher than counts detected at treatment onset, which likely contributed to protection against VL relapse. Conclusions: Results achieved with the anti-leishmanial combination treatment were promising, but are based on only two patients. Future investigation is necessary to confirm the efficacy of this salvage therapy in sustaining the immunological response and control of VL.