Intravesical Botulin Toxin-A Injections for Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction in Children: Summary Update on Last 10 Years of Research

Neurogenic bladder dysfunction (NB) represents a challenge in pediatric urology. Intravesical botulin toxin-A (BTX-A) bladder injection is part of the armamentarium for the treatment of this condition, usually after failed first-line medical strategies and before the escalation to more invasive options such as neuromodulation or augmented cystoplasty in severe cases. However, there is still a lack of consensus about the appropriate treatment modality for the pediatric population. A review of the last 10 years' research was performed on the PubMed database by two authors. Articles doubly selected and meeting the inclusion criteria were collected and analyzed for their study type, demographics, neurological disease(s) at diagnosis, BTX-A treatment modality and duration, previous treatment, clinical and urodynamic parameters, adverse events, outcomes, and follow-ups. A total of 285 studies were initially selected, 16 of which matched the inclusion criteria. A cohort of 630 patients was treated with BTX-A at a median age of 9.7 years, 40% of which had a diagnosis of myelomeningocele. The results of the selected publications show the overall efficacy and safety of BTX-A injections in children and confirmed BTX-A as a valuable strategy for NB treatment in pediatric population. Nevertheless, up to now, the literature on this topic offers scarce uniformity among the published series and poor protocol standardization.