Understanding the biological success of SARS-CoV-2: Immunoevasion strategies and beyond

While the precise identification of the origin of SARS-CoV-2 is still engaging the minds of many scientists worldwide, the accurate recognition of the underlying bases of its considerable biological success compared to previous (and even very similar, like SARS-CoV-(1) and MERS-CoV) pathogens is essential for enhancing our vigilance and preparedness against future viral pandemics (e.g., guiding investment, research and development of preventative measures, diagnostic tests, vaccines and therapies), as also recently endorsed by the WHO. Although this article is not meant to be inclusive of all pathogenetic mechanisms specifically adopted by SARS-CoV-2, we have attempted to summarize a series of leading characteristics, such as its capability to drive asymptomatic and/or pre-symptomatic transmissions, the unprecedented R0, the high burden of immune escape mutations, the suppression of MHC-I, the interference with Type I Interferon pathway, along with the capability to suppress NK cell function. Dissecting all these mechanisms at the molecular and biochemical level would certainly enable us to be more prepared for the next pandemic, saving thousands (or even millions) of human lives through timely and specific development of novel targeted therapeutics.