Achromobacter spp. prevalence and adaptation in cystic fibrosis lung infection

Bacteria belonging to the genus Achromobacter are widely distributed in natural environments and have been recognized as emerging pathogens for their contribution to a wide range of human infections. In particular, patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are the subjects most frequently colonized by Achromobacter spp., which can cause persistent infections in their respiratory tract. Although many clinical aspects and pathogenic mechanisms still remain to be elucidated, Achromobacter spp. have been a source of expanding interest in recent years. This review examines the current literature regarding Achromobacter spp. role in CF, focusing on taxonomy, prevalence in CF lung infections, genomic characteristics, and adaptation strategies including modifications of metabolism and virulence, acquisition of antibiotic resistance, exchange of mobile genetic elements and development of hypermutation.