Radiological investigation of gunshot wounds: a systematic review of published evidence

Introduction Despite the constantly growing popularity of radiological imaging in forensic pathology, a systematic review investigating the efficiency and limits of radiological techniques, in comparison to forensic autopsy, was still missing.AimThe present review aims at providing an overview on the current role of radiology in the forensic investigation of fatal gunshot wounds without any restriction to specific radiological techniques.Material and methodsA systematic literature search on three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct) was performed until December 2017. The Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine (OCEBM) grading system for levels of evidence was applied, in order to weigh published evidence.Results and discussionEighty-six papers (1.64% of the records) were included. Despite the quite limited general level of evidence, which contrasts with the abundance of the scientific literature on this topic, several recommendations/statements, coupled to their OCEBM grade, were distilled as for the identification of retained bullets, gunshot wounds detection, diagnosis of entrance and exit wounds, trajectories and internal injury detection and estimation of the firing distance.ConclusionsImaging radiological technologies represent the present and future of wound ballistics. However,traditional, micro and molecular imaging techniques require further validation through blinded cross-sectional studies with appropriate reference standards (e.g. forensic autopsy).