The language gene Forkhead Box P2 (FOXP2) encodes a transcription factor and mutations in gene coding region have been associated with human speech and language disorder type 1 (SPCH1). Linkage disequilibrium and genome wide association studies (GWAS) linked FOXP2 also to neurodevelopmental diseases, among others autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), but since no mutations in the coding region were found, post-transcriptional defects were hypothesized. While some data on miRNA regulation are available, little is known on alternative splicing regulation of FOXP2 and the ribonucleoproteins (RBPs) involved. FOXP2 protein is encoded by full-length (FOXP2-FL) transcript, composed of 17 canonical exons and two alternative small in frame alternatively spliced exons, 3b and 4a. Bioinformatic analysis of FOXP2 genomic sequence revealed several putative binding sites in the intronic regions around FOXP2 exon 11 and exon 3b for the Polypyrimidine Tract Binding Protein 1 (PTBP1). PTBP1 is a ubiquitous ribonucleoprotein often regulating exon skipping. Moreover, PTBP1 and its paralog PTBP2, that recognizes the same binding sequences in most cases, play key roles during neuronal differentiation. By RNA ImmunoPrecipitation (RIP) and PTBP1 overexpression in HEK293 cells we demonstrated that PTBP1 binds FOXP2 transcripts and promotes the exclusion of exon 11 generating a FOXP2-△11 transcript. Interestingly, up-regulation of FOXP2-△11 transcript was accompanied by down-regulation of FOXP2-FL transcript and subsequent FOXP2 protein decrement of about 50%. These findings were further confirmed by in vitro minigene assays performed on FOXP2 gene region from exon 9 to exon 13 subcloned in a suitable expression vector. Interestingly, Myc-tagged PTBP2 was also able to up-regulate FOXP2-△11. The minigene approach allowed us also to restrict the intronic regions required for PTBP1 binding sufficient to promote the exclusion of exon 11. Similarly, we analyzed the ability of PTBP1 to regulate the alternatively spliced 3b exon. Despite the presence of numerous predicted binding sites for PTBP1 around exon 3b, PTBP1 appeared unable to promote its skipping, suggesting specificity towards exon 11. The exclusion of exon 11 creates a Premature Termination Codon (PTC) within exon 12, which will generate a truncated FOXP2 protein lacking the DNA binding domain, if translated. Nevertheless, we could not find FOXP2-△11-derived peptides in our cell system. Feature analysis of FOXP2-△11 nucleotide sequence led us to hypothesize this transcript could be degraded by Nonsense-Mediated Decay (NMD), a conserved degradation pathway for aberrant or PTC-bearing mRNAs. By using selective inhibitors, we showed that FOXP2-△11 transcript is indeed a target of NMD. Finally, siRNA-mediated PTBP1 silencing did not show a significative variation of FOXP2 protein or transcript in HEK293 cells, but since the silencing of PTBP1 will promote PTBP2 expression, we co-silenced PTBP1 and PTBP2 and observed a FOXP2 protein overexpression of about 2.5 fold. Transcripts analysis of the same samples revealed a FOXP2-FL increment of about 26%, but no variation of FOXP2-△11 transcript expression, thus pointing to an alternative splicing-indipendent regulation performed by PTBP1 and PTBP2. Since PTBP1 may also control transcript translation, we performed a bioinformatic analysis of FOXP2 5' UTR regions and found a cluster of putative binding sites for PTBP1 in one of the alternatively spliced 5’ UTR of FOXP2 gene, whose function is yet to be elucidated. In conclusion, we propose a model for the control of FOXP2 expression mediated by PTBP1 via upregulation of the noncoding FOPX2-△11 transcript by alternative splicing and degraded by NMD.
Il "gene del linguaggio" Forkhead Box P2 (FOXP2) codifica per un fattore di trascrizione e diverse mutazioni nella regione codificante sono state correlate con il disturbo della parola e del linguaggio di tipo 1 (SPCH1). Esperimenti di linkage disequilibrium e genome wide association hanno associato FOXP2 anche a disturbi dello sviluppo neuronale, tra i quali i disturbi dello spettro autistico (ASDs). Tuttavia non sono note mutazioni nella regione codificante di FOXP2 in pazienti ASD, portando all'ipotesi di possibili difetti a livello post-trascrizionale. A tal proposito, mentre sono disponibili informazioni sulla regolazione da parte di miRNA, poco è noto sulla regolazione dello splicing alternativo di FOXP2 e sulle ribonucleoproteine coinvolte. La proteina FOXP2 è codificata dal trascritto full-length (FOXP2-FL), formato da 17 esoni canonici più due piccoli esoni alternativi, 3b e 4a, in grado di mantenere la cornice di lettura. L'analisi bioinformatica della sequenza genomica di FOXP2 ha rivelato la presenza di molteplici ipotetici siti di legame per la ribonucleoproteina Polypyrimidine Binding Tract Protein 1 (PTBP1) nelle regioni introniche attorno agli esoni 11 e 3b. PTBP1 è una ribonucleoproteina ubiquitaria in grado di regolare l’esclusione esonica. Inoltre, PTBP1 ed il suo paralogo PTBP2, che spesso riconosce gli stessi siti di legame, svolgono un ruolo chiave durante il differenziamento neuronale. Mediante immunoprecipitazione di PTBP1 e degli mRNA ad esso legati (RIP) e sovraespressione di PTBP1 in cellule HEK293 abbiamo dimostrato che PTBP1 è in grado di legare i trascritti di FOXP2 e promuovere l’esclusione dell'esone 11, generando il trascritto FOXP2-△11. L'aumentato livello del trascritto FOXP2-△11 è stato accompagnato da una significativa diminuzione del trascritto FOXP2-FL e della proteina da esso codificata. Abbiamo ulteriormente confermato il ruolo di PTBP1 nel promuovere l’esclusione dell'esone 11 di FOXP2 tramite un saggio con minigene. Similmente, abbiamo dimostrato che anche la proteina PTBP2 marcata con Myc è in grado di promuovere la generazione del trascritto FOXP2-△11. Successivamente, abbiamo analizzato l'abilità di PTBP1 di regolare l'esone 3b. Malgrado la presenza di numerosi siti putativi di legame per PTBP1 attorno all'esone 3b, PTBP1 non è stato in grado di promuoverne l’esclusione, suggerendo la specificità di PTBP1 nella regolazione dell'esone 11. L'esclusione dell'esone 11 introduce un codone di terminazione prematuro (PTC) all'interno dell'esone 12 nel trascritto di FOXP2 che, se tradotto, codificherebbe per una proteina tronca mancante del dominio FOX per il legame al DNA, tuttavia un simile peptide non è stato rilevato nel nostro sistema cellulare in vitro. L'analisi della sequenza di FOXP2-△11 ci ha fatto ipotizzare una sua degradazione mediante Nonsense Mediated Decay (NMD), che elimina gli mRNA contenenti dei PTC. Usando inibitori specifici abbiamo dimostrato che FOXP2-△11 è un target di NMD. Infine, il silenziamento genico di PTBP1 non ha modificato l'espressione proteica di FOXP2, ma poiché il silenziamento di PTBP1 promuove l'espressione di PTBP2, abbiamo co-silenziato PTBP1 e PTBP2, ed osservato un aumento della proteina FOXP2 di 2.5 volte. L'analisi dei trascritti ha rilevato un incremento di FOXP2-FL di circa il 26%, ma nessuna variazione nell'espressione di FOXP2-△11, suggerendo una regolazione operata da PTBP1 e PTBP2 indipendente dallo splicing alternativo. Poichè PTBP1 è in grado anche di controllare la trascrizione dei trascritti, abbiamo analizzato bioinformaticamente le regioni 5' dei trascritti e trovato un cluster di siti putativi di legame di PTBP1 in uno dei 5' alternativi di FOXP2, tuttavia ulteriori studi sono necessari. In conclusione, proponiamo un modello di controllo dei livelli di espressione di FOXP2 durante lo sviluppo neuronale mediante uno splicing alternativo regolato da PTBP1, che genera il trascritto non codificante FOXP2-△11 poi degradato attraverso NMD.
PTBP1 regulates autism-associated FOXP2 gene by Alternative Splicing
Ferrarini, Federica
2020-01-01
Abstract
The language gene Forkhead Box P2 (FOXP2) encodes a transcription factor and mutations in gene coding region have been associated with human speech and language disorder type 1 (SPCH1). Linkage disequilibrium and genome wide association studies (GWAS) linked FOXP2 also to neurodevelopmental diseases, among others autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), but since no mutations in the coding region were found, post-transcriptional defects were hypothesized. While some data on miRNA regulation are available, little is known on alternative splicing regulation of FOXP2 and the ribonucleoproteins (RBPs) involved. FOXP2 protein is encoded by full-length (FOXP2-FL) transcript, composed of 17 canonical exons and two alternative small in frame alternatively spliced exons, 3b and 4a. Bioinformatic analysis of FOXP2 genomic sequence revealed several putative binding sites in the intronic regions around FOXP2 exon 11 and exon 3b for the Polypyrimidine Tract Binding Protein 1 (PTBP1). PTBP1 is a ubiquitous ribonucleoprotein often regulating exon skipping. Moreover, PTBP1 and its paralog PTBP2, that recognizes the same binding sequences in most cases, play key roles during neuronal differentiation. By RNA ImmunoPrecipitation (RIP) and PTBP1 overexpression in HEK293 cells we demonstrated that PTBP1 binds FOXP2 transcripts and promotes the exclusion of exon 11 generating a FOXP2-△11 transcript. Interestingly, up-regulation of FOXP2-△11 transcript was accompanied by down-regulation of FOXP2-FL transcript and subsequent FOXP2 protein decrement of about 50%. These findings were further confirmed by in vitro minigene assays performed on FOXP2 gene region from exon 9 to exon 13 subcloned in a suitable expression vector. Interestingly, Myc-tagged PTBP2 was also able to up-regulate FOXP2-△11. The minigene approach allowed us also to restrict the intronic regions required for PTBP1 binding sufficient to promote the exclusion of exon 11. Similarly, we analyzed the ability of PTBP1 to regulate the alternatively spliced 3b exon. Despite the presence of numerous predicted binding sites for PTBP1 around exon 3b, PTBP1 appeared unable to promote its skipping, suggesting specificity towards exon 11. The exclusion of exon 11 creates a Premature Termination Codon (PTC) within exon 12, which will generate a truncated FOXP2 protein lacking the DNA binding domain, if translated. Nevertheless, we could not find FOXP2-△11-derived peptides in our cell system. Feature analysis of FOXP2-△11 nucleotide sequence led us to hypothesize this transcript could be degraded by Nonsense-Mediated Decay (NMD), a conserved degradation pathway for aberrant or PTC-bearing mRNAs. By using selective inhibitors, we showed that FOXP2-△11 transcript is indeed a target of NMD. Finally, siRNA-mediated PTBP1 silencing did not show a significative variation of FOXP2 protein or transcript in HEK293 cells, but since the silencing of PTBP1 will promote PTBP2 expression, we co-silenced PTBP1 and PTBP2 and observed a FOXP2 protein overexpression of about 2.5 fold. Transcripts analysis of the same samples revealed a FOXP2-FL increment of about 26%, but no variation of FOXP2-△11 transcript expression, thus pointing to an alternative splicing-indipendent regulation performed by PTBP1 and PTBP2. Since PTBP1 may also control transcript translation, we performed a bioinformatic analysis of FOXP2 5' UTR regions and found a cluster of putative binding sites for PTBP1 in one of the alternatively spliced 5’ UTR of FOXP2 gene, whose function is yet to be elucidated. In conclusion, we propose a model for the control of FOXP2 expression mediated by PTBP1 via upregulation of the noncoding FOPX2-△11 transcript by alternative splicing and degraded by NMD.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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tesi FF 3 June 2020.pdf
Open Access dal 04/12/2021
Descrizione: Tesi di dottorato di Federica Ferrarini
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Tesi di dottorato
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182.08 MB
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