Endoscopic Ultrasound Features Associated with Malignancy and Aggressiveness of Nonhypovascular Solid Pancreatic Lesions: Results from a Prospective Observational Study

Background and Study Aims On contrast-enhanced imaging studies, nonhypovascular (i. e., isovascular and hypervascular) patterns can be observed in solid pancreatic lesions (SPLs) of different nature, prognosis, and management. We aimed to identify endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) features of nonhypovascular SPLs associated with malignancy/aggressiveness. The secondary aims were EUS tissue acquisition (EUS-TA) outcome and safety in this setting of patients. Patients and Methods This prospective observational study included patients with nonhypovascular SPLs detected on cross-sectional imaging and referred for EUS-TA. Lesion features (size, site, margins, echotexture, vascular pattern, and upstream dilation of the main pancreatic duct) were recorded. Malignancy/aggressiveness was determined by evidence of carcinoma at biopsy/surgical pathology, signs of aggressiveness (perineural invasion, lymphovascular invasion, and/or microscopic tumor extension/infiltration or evidence of metastatic lymph nodes) in the surgical specimen, radiologic detection of lymph nodes or distant metastases, and/or tumor growth > 5mm/6 months. Uni- and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the primary aim. Results A total of 154 patients with 161 SPLs were enrolled. 40 (24.8 %) lesions were defined as malignant/aggressive. Irregular margins and size > 20mm were independent factors associated with malignancy/aggressiveness (p < 0.001, OR = 5.2 and p = 0.003, OR = 2.1, respectively). However, size > 20mm was not significant in the subgroup of other-than-neuroendocrine tumor (NET) lesions. The EUS-TA accuracy was 92 %, and the rate of adverse events was 4 %. Conclusion Irregular margins on EUS are associated with malignancy/ aggressiveness of nonhypovascular SPLs. Size > 20mm should be considered a malignancy-related feature only in NET patients. EUS-TA is safe and highly accurate for differential diagnosis in this group of patients.