Scientific evidence exists that asbestos could cause tumors other than mesotheliomas and lung cancers. Epidemiological studies suggested an association between occupational asbestos exposure and malignancies of the larynx, ovary, gastrointestinal tract. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 2012): there is sufficient evidence for cancers of the larynx and ovary, while there is limited evidence for cancers of the pharynx, stomach, and colorectum. According to the Helsinki Criteria (2014), based on evidence from cohort and case control studies, reviews and meta-analyses, mainly performed on asbestos cement, mine, shipyard, navy and textile workers: (i) there is consistent evidence of an increased risk of laryngeal cancer associated with asbestos exposure and a suggestive evidence that increasing exposure increases this risk; (ii) overall, there are relatively strong and consistent findings of an increased risk for ovarian cancer in cohorts with relatively high asbestos exposures, but with some limitations; (iii) it seems likely that asbestos exposure is causally related to stomach and colorectal cancer. The clinical and histopathological features of these malignant neoplasms do not differ from those occurring in individuals not exposed to asbestos. Therefore, both differential and etiologic diagnosis are needed for causal attribution; the former should be performed through the best available diagnostic procedures and the latter following the consolidated Occupational Health procedures (detailed and documented occupational and extra-occupational history collection, clinical documentation acquisition, documented risk assessment at an individual level, scientific literature evaluation, clinical report, and, if needed, medico-legal obligations). Tumors of the larynx, ovary, pharynx, stomach, colorectum, and oesophagus associated with occupational asbestos exposure, are included by law in the list of occupational diseases and it is mandatory for every physician performing diagnosis to report them to the health and compensation authorities. Prevention of these malignancies is based upon specific legislation, as well as the cardinal principles of Occupational Health, and entails interventions pertaining to primary, secondary and tertiary prevention.
Vi sono evidenze scientifiche che l’esposizione occupazionale ad amianto possa causare patologie neoplastiche diverse dal mesotelioma e dal tumore polmonare. Studi epidemiologici suggeriscono un’associazione tra esposizione occupazionale ad amianto e tumori maligni di laringe, ovaio, tratto gastrointestinale. Secondo l'Agenzia Internazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro (IARC, 2012): esistono evidenze sufficienti nell’uomo per il cancro della laringe e dell'ovaio, mentre è limitata l’evidenza per cancro di faringe, stomaco e colon-retto. Nei Criteri di Helsinki (2014), sulla base di studi di coorte e caso-controllo, revisioni e meta-analisi, condotti principalmente su lavoratori del cemento-amianto e dei settori minerario, navale, tessile: (i) è confermata l’associazione tra esposizione ad amianto e cancro della laringe, con una verosimile relazione dose-risposta; (ii) è nel complesso confermata l’associazione tra esposizione ad amianto e cancro dell'ovaio, tuttavia per alte dosi e con alcuni limiti; (iii) appare probabile che l’esposizione ad amianto sia correlata al cancro di stomaco e colon-retto. Le caratteristiche cliniche ed istopatologiche di queste neoplasie maligne non differiscono da quelle che si sviluppano in soggetti non esposti all'amianto. Pertanto, ai fini dell’attribuzione del nesso di causa, devono essere effettuate sia la diagnosi differenziale, avvalendosi delle migliori procedure diagnostiche, sia la diagnosi eziologica, seguendo in particolare per quest’ultima le consolidate procedure di Medicina del Lavoro (dettagliata e documentata anamnesi occupazionale ed extra-occupazionale; acquisizione documentazione clinico-anamnestica; valutazione documentata del rischio individuale; valutazione della letteratura scientifica; epicrisi; adempimenti medico-legali eventuali). I tumori di laringe, ovaio, faringe, stomaco, colon-retto ed esofago dovuti all’esposizione occupazionale ad amianto sono inclusi per legge nell'elenco delle malattie professionali e sussiste l’obbligo di denuncia alle Autorità competenti da parte di qualsiasi medico che ne formuli la diagnosi o la sospetti. La prevenzione di tali neoplasie è basata su specifici provvedimenti legislativi, nonché sui principi cardine della Medicina del Lavoro e si avvale di vari interventi di prevenzione primaria, secondaria e terziaria.
Altre patologie neoplastiche da amianto
Porru S;Arici C;Carta A;
2018-01-01
Abstract
Scientific evidence exists that asbestos could cause tumors other than mesotheliomas and lung cancers. Epidemiological studies suggested an association between occupational asbestos exposure and malignancies of the larynx, ovary, gastrointestinal tract. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 2012): there is sufficient evidence for cancers of the larynx and ovary, while there is limited evidence for cancers of the pharynx, stomach, and colorectum. According to the Helsinki Criteria (2014), based on evidence from cohort and case control studies, reviews and meta-analyses, mainly performed on asbestos cement, mine, shipyard, navy and textile workers: (i) there is consistent evidence of an increased risk of laryngeal cancer associated with asbestos exposure and a suggestive evidence that increasing exposure increases this risk; (ii) overall, there are relatively strong and consistent findings of an increased risk for ovarian cancer in cohorts with relatively high asbestos exposures, but with some limitations; (iii) it seems likely that asbestos exposure is causally related to stomach and colorectal cancer. The clinical and histopathological features of these malignant neoplasms do not differ from those occurring in individuals not exposed to asbestos. Therefore, both differential and etiologic diagnosis are needed for causal attribution; the former should be performed through the best available diagnostic procedures and the latter following the consolidated Occupational Health procedures (detailed and documented occupational and extra-occupational history collection, clinical documentation acquisition, documented risk assessment at an individual level, scientific literature evaluation, clinical report, and, if needed, medico-legal obligations). Tumors of the larynx, ovary, pharynx, stomach, colorectum, and oesophagus associated with occupational asbestos exposure, are included by law in the list of occupational diseases and it is mandatory for every physician performing diagnosis to report them to the health and compensation authorities. Prevention of these malignancies is based upon specific legislation, as well as the cardinal principles of Occupational Health, and entails interventions pertaining to primary, secondary and tertiary prevention.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.