Objective. Aim of our study was to investigate the role of bone in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome- type I (CRPS-I), by a) analyzing the impact of the treatment with bisphosphonates in a real-life population of subjects with CRPS-I, with the aim to identify predictors of response to the treatment; b) exploring the serum concentration of Sclerostin (SOST), Dickopff-1 (DKK-1) and Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) in CRPS-I. Methods. In the first phase of the study we retrospectively evaluated data of patients with CRPS-I treated with intravenous bisphosphonates in the previous 5 years. We identified clinical features associated with a response to the treatment, defined as a pain reduction and the absence of diagnostic criteria for CRPS-I at 40 days after the end of the treatment, by univariate and logistic regression analysis. In the cross-sectional phase we collected serum samples from the affected arm and the contralateral one in patients with CRPS-I and in age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Serum concentration of SOST, DKK-1 and NGF was assessed by ELISA kit and values were compared between the affected arm and the contralateral one and between subjects with CRPS-I and controls. Results. Among 194 subjects included in the retrospective phase of the study and treated with Clodronate, Pamidronate and Neridronate, 139 patients (71,6%) responded to the treatment. A shorter disease duration, a “warm” clinical phase and a fracture as predisposing event were significantly associated with higher odds of response to the treatment, while the type of bisphosphonates did not significantly affect the outcome. The results of the cross-sectional phase showed a significantly higher concentration of DKK-1 in serum from the affected site compared to the contralateral one, but we did not observe a significant difference from healthy controls. Conversely serum levels of SOST in patients with CRPS-I were significantly higher than in controls, but we did not find a significant difference between the affected site and the contralateral one. NGF was detectable only in a few patients, therefore a reliable statistical analysis on its concentration was not feasible. Conclusions. Our results further support the hypothesis of a role of bone in the pathogenesis of CRPS-I. A better response to the treatment with bisphosphonates in subjects with a previous fracture suggests that a subgroup of patients with a prevalent bone involvement may exist. The finding of a higher concentration of DKK-1 in serum from the affected arm compared to the contralateral one may point out a local effect of this regulator of bone metabolism in CRPS-I, while the systemic increase of SOST concentration could be implicated in the pathogenesis of bone loss observed in patients with CRPS-I. The evaluation of serum levels of NGF did not provide significant results due to the low proportion of subjects in which this mediator was detectable: further studies with different methodologies may allow to better understand the role of NGF in CRPS-I.
Obiettivo. Scopo della nostra indagine è stato di valutare il ruolo del tessuto osseo nella Complex Regional Pain Syndrome- type I (CRPS-I), tramite a) studio dell’impatto del trattamento con bisfosfonati in una casistica real-life di pazienti con CRPS-I, volto ad identificare eventuali predittori di risposta al trattamento; b) analisi esplorativa della concentrazione sierica di Sclerostina (SOST), Dickopff-1 (DKK-1) e Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) in corso di tale sindrome. Metodi. Nella prima fase di studio sono stati valutati retrospettivamente i dati dei pazienti affetti da CRPS-I trattati con bisfosfonati endovenosi negli ultimi 5 anni. Sono state identificate le caratteristiche cliniche associate alla risposta al trattamento, definita in termini di riduzione del dolore e assenza dei criteri diagnostici della sindrome a distanza media di 40 giorni dal termine delle infusioni, tramite analisi univariata e multivariata (regressione logistica). Nella fase trasversale dello studio sono stati raccolti campioni di sangue refluo dall’arto affetto e dal controlaterale in pazienti affetti da CRPS-I di mano e in un gruppo di controlli sani, appaiati per età e sesso. È stato quindi effettuato un dosaggio della concentrazione sierica di SOST, DKK-1 e NGF tramite ELISA. I valori sono stati confrontati tra arto affetto e controlaterale e tra soggetti con CRPS-I e controlli sani. Risultati. Dei 194 pazienti inclusi nella fase retrospettiva dello studio, trattati con Clodronato, Pamidronato e Neridronato, 139 pazienti (71,6%) avevano risposto al trattamento. Una minore durata di malattia, la presenza di una forma “calda” di malattia e una frattura come evento predisponente risultavano significativamente associati ad una maggiore probabilità di risposta al trattamento, mentre il tipo di bisfosfonati non influenzava significativamente la risposta terapeutica. I risultati della fase trasversale su 17 pazienti affetti da CRPS-I hanno evidenziato una concentrazione di DKK-1 significativamente superiore su sangue refluo dall’arto affetto rispetto al controlaterale nei pazienti con CRPS-I, tuttavia non statisticamente differente da quella dei controlli sani. Al contrario si sono osservati valori sierici di SOST significativamente più elevati nei pazienti affetti da CRPS-I rispetto ai controlli sani, senza evidenziare una differenza significativa tra il lato affetto e il non affetto. Il dosaggio di NGF non ha invece identificato differenze tra il lato affetto e quello affetto, né rispetto ai controlli sani; tale mediatore è risultato tuttavia dosabile in un numero molto limitato di soggetti, limitando fortemente la potenza della valutazione statistica. Conclusioni. I risultati delle nostre osservazioni portano un ulteriore sostegno all’ipotesi di un coinvolgimento del tessuto osseo nella patogenesi della CRPS-I. La migliore risposta al trattamento con bisfosfonati in soggetti con precedente frattura suggerisce l’esistenza di un sottogruppo di pazienti in cui il ruolo del tessuto scheletrico risulti preponderante. Il riscontro di valori di DKK-1 più elevati su sangue refluo dall’arto affetto rispetto al controlaterale potrebbe indicare un’azione locale di tale regolatore del metabolismo osseo, mentre l’incremento della concentrazione di SOST non è di univoco significato, ma potrebbe essere implicato nella genesi dell’osteoporosi locale osservata nei soggetti affetti da CRPS-I. La valutazione dei livelli sierici di NGF non ha fornito risultati significativi per la limitata numerosità di soggetti in cui il mediatore è risultato dosabile: successivi studi, effettuati anche con differenti metodiche, potranno fornire ulteriori evidenze sul ruolo di questo mediatore del dolore nella CRPS-I.
Studio del coinvolgimento osseo e della mediazione del dolore in corso di Complex Regional Pain Syndrome type I
MANARA, Maria
2017-01-01
Abstract
Objective. Aim of our study was to investigate the role of bone in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome- type I (CRPS-I), by a) analyzing the impact of the treatment with bisphosphonates in a real-life population of subjects with CRPS-I, with the aim to identify predictors of response to the treatment; b) exploring the serum concentration of Sclerostin (SOST), Dickopff-1 (DKK-1) and Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) in CRPS-I. Methods. In the first phase of the study we retrospectively evaluated data of patients with CRPS-I treated with intravenous bisphosphonates in the previous 5 years. We identified clinical features associated with a response to the treatment, defined as a pain reduction and the absence of diagnostic criteria for CRPS-I at 40 days after the end of the treatment, by univariate and logistic regression analysis. In the cross-sectional phase we collected serum samples from the affected arm and the contralateral one in patients with CRPS-I and in age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Serum concentration of SOST, DKK-1 and NGF was assessed by ELISA kit and values were compared between the affected arm and the contralateral one and between subjects with CRPS-I and controls. Results. Among 194 subjects included in the retrospective phase of the study and treated with Clodronate, Pamidronate and Neridronate, 139 patients (71,6%) responded to the treatment. A shorter disease duration, a “warm” clinical phase and a fracture as predisposing event were significantly associated with higher odds of response to the treatment, while the type of bisphosphonates did not significantly affect the outcome. The results of the cross-sectional phase showed a significantly higher concentration of DKK-1 in serum from the affected site compared to the contralateral one, but we did not observe a significant difference from healthy controls. Conversely serum levels of SOST in patients with CRPS-I were significantly higher than in controls, but we did not find a significant difference between the affected site and the contralateral one. NGF was detectable only in a few patients, therefore a reliable statistical analysis on its concentration was not feasible. Conclusions. Our results further support the hypothesis of a role of bone in the pathogenesis of CRPS-I. A better response to the treatment with bisphosphonates in subjects with a previous fracture suggests that a subgroup of patients with a prevalent bone involvement may exist. The finding of a higher concentration of DKK-1 in serum from the affected arm compared to the contralateral one may point out a local effect of this regulator of bone metabolism in CRPS-I, while the systemic increase of SOST concentration could be implicated in the pathogenesis of bone loss observed in patients with CRPS-I. The evaluation of serum levels of NGF did not provide significant results due to the low proportion of subjects in which this mediator was detectable: further studies with different methodologies may allow to better understand the role of NGF in CRPS-I.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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