La Dislessia Evolutiva (DE) è tradizionalmente definita come un disturbo neurobiologico che concerne l’incapacità di imparare a leggere correttamente da parte di individui con quoziente intellettivo nella norma. È stato ampiamente dimostrato che alla base della DE ci siano persistenti deficit fonologici (Catts, 1989; Ramus et al., 2003; Snowling, 2000). In realtà, la dislessia è spesso caratterizzata da difficoltà che vanno al di là dei problemi fonologici, in quanto i soggetti dislessici diagnosticati, rispetto ai normodotati, hanno performance peggiori in compiti che riguardano anche altre componenti linguistiche. I ricercatori, infatti, hanno riscontrato nei soggetti con dislessia specifici deficit grammaticali che si correlano a difficoltà di produzione e comprensione di costruzioni sintattiche complesse, come le frasi relative (Bar-Shalom et al., 1993; Robertson and Joanisse, 2010; Wiseheart et al., 2009; a.o) e le frasi passive (Leikin and Assayag-Bouskila, 2004; Stein et al., 1984; Reggiani, 2009; a.o). Specifiche difficoltà dei dislessici sono state trovate anche nell’ambito della morfologia verbale (Rispens et al., 2004), con i pronomi (Waltzman and Cairns, 2000) e con la negazione (Vender and Delfitto, 2010; Scappini et al., 2015). Questa tesi fornisce un contributo ad una nuova linea di ricerca, ora in corso di sviluppo in Italia, che affronta il tema dei deficit di produzione linguistica nei bambini con DE (Arosio et al., in press; Guasti, 2013; Guasti et al., 2015). Tramite tecniche di produzione elicitata, abbiamo analizzato le abilità dei bambini dislessici (tra 8 e 10 anni) nell’uso di tre tipi di parole funzionali quali articoli definiti, preposizioni articolate e pronomi clitici oggetto diretto, in quanto la produzione di espressioni contenenti ognuno di essi implica livelli diversi di complessità morfosintattica. Abbiamo creato un protocollo serimentale che consiste di 3 test indipendenti attraverso cui abbiamo elicitato rispettivamente: 1) pronomi proclitici, 2) pronomi proclitici ed enclitici, 3) articoli definiti e preposizioni articolate. Il nostro obiettivo era duplice. Inanzitutto, abbiamo verificato se e in che misura la dislessia avesse un ruolo nella produzione orale di differenti strutture linguistiche che contengono categorie funzionali. Poi, abbiamo cercato di capire se i problemi dei dislessici potessero essere attribuiti a ragioni morfosintattiche. I risultati mostrano che, rispetto ai controlli di pari età, i bambini dislessici presentano difficoltà significative nella produzione di determinati elementi funzionali. Inoltre, le loro difficoltà aumentano quando la complessità morfosintattica è maggiore dato che, in questo caso, è richiesto loro un maggiore impiego di risorse di memoria di lavoro. In generale, la nostra analisi dimostra che a) i bambini con dislessia non hanno problemi nella produzione di articoli definiti, dato che essa non richiede nessuna operazione di movimento sintattico; b) essi mostrano di avere qualche difficoltà con le preposizioni, in quanto la produzione di tali elementi implica un processo di incorporazione di due teste funzionali, la preposizione e il determinante (P+D); c) i dislessici hanno evidenti problemi con i pronomi clitici e, in particolare, con i proclitici. Infatti, a differenza di quanto accade con gli altri due elementi considerati, la produzione dei proclitici coinvolge un particolare processo sintattico di movimento, che dà luogo ad un ordine non canonico dei costituenti in Italiano. Sulla base dei risultati ottenuti, riteniamo che le difficoltà fonologiche riscontrate nei bambini dislessici possano essere estese al dominio morfosintattico e che le loro limitate capacità di memoria di lavoro si riflettono anche nella produzione orale di determinate strutture linguistiche (morfosintatticamente complesse).
Developmental Dyslexia (DD) is traditionally defined as a neurobiological disorder concerning the failure in learning to read properly in individuals who have normal intelligence. It is widely accepted that at the base of DD there are persistent phonological impairments (Catts, 1989; Ramus et al., 2003; Snowling, 2000). Actually, dyslexia is often characterized by difficulties that go far beyond the phonological problems, as other language components are also affected in diagnosed dyslexic subjects. In fact, researchers found that people with dyslexia also exhibit specific grammatical deficits related to difficulties in production and comprehension of complex syntactic constructions, such as relative clauses (Bar-Shalom et al., 1993; Robertson and Joanisse, 2010; Wiseheart et al., 2009; a.o) and passive sentences (Leikin and Assayag-Bouskila, 2004; Stein et al., 1984; Reggiani, 2009; a.o). In addition, dyslexics have difficulties with verbal morphology (Rispens et al., 2004), pronouns (Waltzman and Cairns, 2000) and negation (Vender and Delfitto, 2010; Scappini et al., 2015). This thesis provides a contribution to a new research line, now under development in Italy, dealing with the issue of oral language deficits in children with DD (Arosio et al., in press; Guasti, 2013; Guasti et al., 2015). Through elicited production techniques, we investigated the abilities of dyslexic children (aged 8-10 years) in using three types of functional words, namely definite articles, articulated prepositions and object clitic pronouns, as the production of expressions containing each of them involves different degrees of morphosyntactic complexity. We designed an experimental protocol consisting of three independent tasks through which we elicited respectively: 1) proclitic pronouns, 2) proclitic and enclitic pronouns, 3) definite articles and articulated prepositions. Our goal was twofold. First, we verified whether and to what extent dyslexia affects the oral production of different linguistic structures containing functional categories. Then, we aimed at understanding whether dyslexics’ problems can be due to morphosyntactic reasons. The results show that, with respect to age-matched controls, dyslexic children have significant difficulties in the production of certain functional elements. Interestingly, their difficulties increase when the degree of morphosyntactic complexity is greater, as a higher load of Working Memory resources is required. Overall, our analysis demonstrates that a) children with dyslexia have no problem in the production of definite articles, since it does not require any syntactic movement opertation; b) they encounter some difficulties with prepositions, as these elements are obtained through a process of incorporation (P+D); c) they display significant problems with clitic pronouns, in particular with proclitics. In comparison to the other two elements, in fact, the production of proclitics involves a particular syntactic movement that results in a non-canonical word order in Italian. Therefore, we believe that the phonological difficulties found in dyslexic children may be extended to the morphosyntactic domain and that their limited working memory capacity is also reflected in the oral production of particular linguistic structures.
On the production of functional categories in children with dyslexia. A study on pronouns, articles and prepositions
Mantione, Federica
2016-01-01
Abstract
Developmental Dyslexia (DD) is traditionally defined as a neurobiological disorder concerning the failure in learning to read properly in individuals who have normal intelligence. It is widely accepted that at the base of DD there are persistent phonological impairments (Catts, 1989; Ramus et al., 2003; Snowling, 2000). Actually, dyslexia is often characterized by difficulties that go far beyond the phonological problems, as other language components are also affected in diagnosed dyslexic subjects. In fact, researchers found that people with dyslexia also exhibit specific grammatical deficits related to difficulties in production and comprehension of complex syntactic constructions, such as relative clauses (Bar-Shalom et al., 1993; Robertson and Joanisse, 2010; Wiseheart et al., 2009; a.o) and passive sentences (Leikin and Assayag-Bouskila, 2004; Stein et al., 1984; Reggiani, 2009; a.o). In addition, dyslexics have difficulties with verbal morphology (Rispens et al., 2004), pronouns (Waltzman and Cairns, 2000) and negation (Vender and Delfitto, 2010; Scappini et al., 2015). This thesis provides a contribution to a new research line, now under development in Italy, dealing with the issue of oral language deficits in children with DD (Arosio et al., in press; Guasti, 2013; Guasti et al., 2015). Through elicited production techniques, we investigated the abilities of dyslexic children (aged 8-10 years) in using three types of functional words, namely definite articles, articulated prepositions and object clitic pronouns, as the production of expressions containing each of them involves different degrees of morphosyntactic complexity. We designed an experimental protocol consisting of three independent tasks through which we elicited respectively: 1) proclitic pronouns, 2) proclitic and enclitic pronouns, 3) definite articles and articulated prepositions. Our goal was twofold. First, we verified whether and to what extent dyslexia affects the oral production of different linguistic structures containing functional categories. Then, we aimed at understanding whether dyslexics’ problems can be due to morphosyntactic reasons. The results show that, with respect to age-matched controls, dyslexic children have significant difficulties in the production of certain functional elements. Interestingly, their difficulties increase when the degree of morphosyntactic complexity is greater, as a higher load of Working Memory resources is required. Overall, our analysis demonstrates that a) children with dyslexia have no problem in the production of definite articles, since it does not require any syntactic movement opertation; b) they encounter some difficulties with prepositions, as these elements are obtained through a process of incorporation (P+D); c) they display significant problems with clitic pronouns, in particular with proclitics. In comparison to the other two elements, in fact, the production of proclitics involves a particular syntactic movement that results in a non-canonical word order in Italian. Therefore, we believe that the phonological difficulties found in dyslexic children may be extended to the morphosyntactic domain and that their limited working memory capacity is also reflected in the oral production of particular linguistic structures.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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