La biologia sintetica di solito sviluppa il disegno cellulare utilizzando strategie "bottom-up", dal basso verso l’alto, inserendo e/o cancellando geni provenienti da organismi esistenti. Invece, gli approcci "top-down", dall’alto verso il basso, potrebbero consentire il controllo di cellule viventi in un modo che non richiede manipolazione genetica diretta. Ad esempio, le cellule artificiali (cellule costruite in laboratorio, ovvero, cellule sintetiche che mimano le cellule naturali), possono essere utilizzate per "tradurre" segnali esterni che le cellule naturali possono "comprendere" senza modificarle geneticamente. Così, abbiamo sviluppato sistemi cellulari artificiali che inviano messaggi chimici specifici per le cellule naturali. Queste cellule artificiali ci hanno ispirato un'altra applicazione finalizzata alla comprensione della chimica delle proteine nei sistemi cito-mimetici. Il complesso ambiente cellulare modula significativamente il comportamento delle macromolecole, agendo sulla loro struttura, dinamica e stabilità. Studi basati su sistemi cellulari semplificati che mimano le cellule naturali potrebbero fornire importanti informazioni sulla chimica delle proteine in ambienti che imitano quello nativo. Una caratteristica distintiva dei sistemi cellulari è che il citoplasma è profondamente affollato con concentrazioni significative di macromolecole (50-400 g / L) che incidono su diverse proprietà delle proteine (per esempio la capacità di legare, le interazioni proteina-proteina, il folding, ecc). In questa tesi di dottorato, due proteine citosoliche piccole ma dinamiche, sono state studiate all'interno di ambienti cellulari artificiali mediante spettroscopia NMR: la proteina del fegato umano che lega gli acidi grassi (LFABP) e la proteina dell’intestino umano che lega gli acidi biliari (IBABP), entrambe appartenenti alla famiglia di proteine intracellulari leganti acidi grassi (iLBPs). L'ambiente affollato è stato imitato utilizzando agenti sintetici (PEG, Ficoll o Destrano) e bio-macromolecule (BSA, Lisozima o Ubiquitina) nel range di concentrazioni 50-300 g/L. È stato osservato che Ficoll e/o Destrano sono relativamente inerti. Invece, è stato dimostrato che BSA e Lisozima causano delle interazioni non specifiche e specifiche, rispettivamente, con le proteine oggetto di studio. Le interazioni causate da PEG con le proteine non possono essere descritte solo quantitativamente in termini di volume escluso infatti i nostri risultati confermano la precedente constatazione che il PEG ha tendenza a interagire con le proteine. Inoltre, anche i lisati di E. coli e i sistemi cellulari artificiali come lo sono le emulsioni acqua-in-olio e i liposomi, sono stati utilizzati per simulare l'ambiente cellulare complesso e ristretto dato che le membrane lipidiche delimitano l’ambiente citosolico. Oltre alle proprietà strutturali e dinamiche, abbiamo studiato il meccanismo di legame di LFABP agli acidi grassi, in condizioni di affollamento macromolecolari.
Synthetic biology approaches usually develop cellular design using “bottom-up” strategies, inserting and deleting genes from existing organisms. Instead, “top-down” approaches could allow controlling living cells in a manner that does not require direct genetic modification. For example, artificial cells (laboratory-built cells, namely cell-like systems), can be used to “translate” external signals that the natural cells can “understand” without genetic modifications. Thus, we have developed artificial cellular mimics that send specific chemical messages to natural cells. These artificial cells inspired us another application aimed at understanding protein chemistry in cytomimetic systems. The complex cellular environment significantly modulates the behavior of macromolecules, affecting their structure, dynamics, and stability. Studies based on simplified cell mimics could provide important insights into protein chemistry in native-like environments. A distinctive feature of cellular systems is that the cytoplasmic medium is deeply crowded with significant concentrations of macromolecules (50-400 g/L) which affect several protein attributes (i.e. ligand binding, protein-protein interaction, folding, etc.). In this PhD thesis, two cytosolic, small, dynamic proteins were studied within an artificial cell environment by NMR Spectroscopy: human liver fatty acid binding protein (LFABP) and human ileal bile acid binding protein (IBABP), belonging to the intracellular lipid binding proteins (iLBPs). The crowded environment was mimicked by use of synthetic crowding agents (PEG, Ficoll or Dextran) and biomacromolecules (BSA, Lysozyme or Ubiquitin) in the range of concentrations 50-300 g/L. It was observed that Ficoll and/or Dextran are relatively inert. Instead, BSA and Lysozyme engaged in non-specific and specific interactions, respectively, with the test proteins. PEG interactions with proteins cannot be described quantitatively in terms of excluded volume alone and our results confirm the previous finding that PEG has tendency to interact with proteins. Moreover, also E. coli lysates and artificial cell systems such as water-in-oil emulsions and liposomes, were used to mimic the complex cellular environment and the restricted, lipid-bounded cytosolic milieu. In addition to structural and dynamic attributes, we investigated the lipid binding mechanism of LFABP under macromolecular crowding conditions.
Artificial Cells and Cell Mimics: Applications in Synthetic Biology and Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy
Perez Santero, Silvia
2016-01-01
Abstract
Synthetic biology approaches usually develop cellular design using “bottom-up” strategies, inserting and deleting genes from existing organisms. Instead, “top-down” approaches could allow controlling living cells in a manner that does not require direct genetic modification. For example, artificial cells (laboratory-built cells, namely cell-like systems), can be used to “translate” external signals that the natural cells can “understand” without genetic modifications. Thus, we have developed artificial cellular mimics that send specific chemical messages to natural cells. These artificial cells inspired us another application aimed at understanding protein chemistry in cytomimetic systems. The complex cellular environment significantly modulates the behavior of macromolecules, affecting their structure, dynamics, and stability. Studies based on simplified cell mimics could provide important insights into protein chemistry in native-like environments. A distinctive feature of cellular systems is that the cytoplasmic medium is deeply crowded with significant concentrations of macromolecules (50-400 g/L) which affect several protein attributes (i.e. ligand binding, protein-protein interaction, folding, etc.). In this PhD thesis, two cytosolic, small, dynamic proteins were studied within an artificial cell environment by NMR Spectroscopy: human liver fatty acid binding protein (LFABP) and human ileal bile acid binding protein (IBABP), belonging to the intracellular lipid binding proteins (iLBPs). The crowded environment was mimicked by use of synthetic crowding agents (PEG, Ficoll or Dextran) and biomacromolecules (BSA, Lysozyme or Ubiquitin) in the range of concentrations 50-300 g/L. It was observed that Ficoll and/or Dextran are relatively inert. Instead, BSA and Lysozyme engaged in non-specific and specific interactions, respectively, with the test proteins. PEG interactions with proteins cannot be described quantitatively in terms of excluded volume alone and our results confirm the previous finding that PEG has tendency to interact with proteins. Moreover, also E. coli lysates and artificial cell systems such as water-in-oil emulsions and liposomes, were used to mimic the complex cellular environment and the restricted, lipid-bounded cytosolic milieu. In addition to structural and dynamic attributes, we investigated the lipid binding mechanism of LFABP under macromolecular crowding conditions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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