Le cellule dendritiche plasmacitoidi (PDC) sono una rara sottopopolazione dell’immunità innata. Dopo lo sviluppo vengono rilasciate dal midollo osseo e migrano verso gli organi linfoidi secondari. A seguito dell’attivazione dei TLR7/9, le PDC possono svolgere un’attività antitumorale mediante la produzione di IFN-α che influenza negativamente la proliferazione delle cellule tumorali, la linfoangiogenesi tumorale, lo sviluppo delle metastasi e aumenta la citotossicità tumorale. Il segnale autocrino di IFNα/β attivato nelle PDC modula una serie di geni indotti da I-IFN come CXCL-10/IP-10, chemochina pro-infiammatoria coinvolta nel reclutamento dei leucociti e responsabile della polarizzazione dei linfociti T alla risposta Th1 e Th17. Il reclutamento delle PDC nei tessuti periferici avviene durante stati infiammatori e in diversi tipi di tumori. Nonostante la capacità infiltrante, la funzione antitumorale delle PDC è ancora controversa probabilmente influenzata dal coinvolgimento del microambiente tumorale. La precedente analisi di un’estesa coorte di Melanomi Primitivi Cutanei (PCM) ha mostrato un reclutamento selettivo delle PDC all’interno del tumore che però non è risultato in una correlazione con il quantitativo di IFN-α prodotto. In questo studio abbiamo dimostrato un forte decremento della densità delle PDC nelle metastasi rispetto ai PCM che potrebbe indicare un ridotto output midollare oppure un difetto delle capacità migratorie delle PDC. Nella coorte di pazienti metastatici (MM), l’analisi del profilo dei recettori chemochinici coinvolti nella migrazione ha rivelato una mancata attivazione delle PDC circolanti. Inoltre, è presente una riduzione nella frequenza di PDC e di cellule dendritiche mieloidi (MDC) nel sangue correlabile con il carico di malattia dei pazienti MM. La stimolazione con gli agonisti dei TLR7/9, ha mostrato l’incapacità di produzione di IFN-α e IP-10 delle PDC di pazienti di MM. La costitutiva iperattivazione della pathway di RAF/MEK/ERK è comune nei pazienti di melanoma cutaneo. Il regime terapeutico dei pazienti MM con profilo mutazionale positivo per BRAF consiste nella combinazione di inibitori di BRAF (BRAFi: Vemurafenib e Dabrafenib) e MEK (MEKi: Trametinib and Cometinib). La risposta clinica di Vemurafenib è parzialmente mediata dall’attivazione del sistema immunitario, anche attraverso la modulazione della funzione delle cellule dendritiche. L’analisi dei pazienti sottoposti a terapia ha mostrato che le frequenze delle PDC e delle MDC rimangono invariate durante il trattamento, nonostante un’effettiva risposta clinica dei pazienti. L’analisi dei singoli pazienti non ha evidenziato il recupero nel pool delle PDC e delle MDC circolanti e della produzione di IFN-α e IP-10 a seguito della terapia. Questo dato può indicare un eventuale residuo di malattia microscopica che potrebbe interferire con le funzioni delle PDC. Altra ipotesi è che la somministrazione di BRAFi e MEKi può avere degli effetti diretti sulle funzioni delle PDC. Dati preliminari ottenuti su PDC purificate da donatori sani (HD) dimostrano che dosi terapeutiche di Vemurafenib non influenzano la vitalità delle cellule. Probabilmente la riduzione funzionale delle PDC osservata è dovuta a fattori prodotti dalle cellule di melanoma ancora presenti nell’organismo. Grazie all’utilizzo di PDC purificate da HD, è’ stato possibile mimare l’effetto esercitato da fattori solubili secreti dalle cellule di melanoma raccolti nel surnatante tumorale (SN-mel). Il condizionamento di 24 h con SN-mel ha provocato una diminuzione della vitalità delle PDC. Inoltre, a seguito dell’esposizione delle cellule SN-mel abbiamo potuto osservare una diminuzione del segnale di membrane di BDCA-2 e una significativa riduzione della produzione di IFN-α e IP-10 a seguito della stimolazione dei TLR7/9. Questi dati suggeriscono che componenti biochimici e ligandi prodotti dalle cellule di melanoma possono influenzare la sopravvivenza e la funzionalità delle PDC.
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (PDC) are a rare innate immune cells subpopulation .After development, PDC are realised by the bone marrow into the blood stream and migrate from bone marrow to lymph nodes, mucosal associated lymphoid tissue and spleen in steady state conditions. Properly activated PDC may exert antitumor activity through TLR7/9 dependent IFN-α production. IFN-ɑ affects tumor cell proliferation, tumor lymph/angiogenesis, tumor metastasis and enhances the NK cell citoxicity against tumor cells. Autocrine IFNα/β signalling in PDC also modulates a set of interferon-inducible genes such CXCL10/IP-10. IP-10 is a pro-inflammatory chemokine involved in leucocytes recruitment and responsible of Th1 and Th17 polarization of T-cell. PDC recruitment in peripheral tissue has been reported during inflammation and in several types of tumor such as melanoma, head and neck cancer, ovarian carcinoma and breast cancer. Despite of infiltration in many cancers, the PDC anti-tumoral function is still debating. Recent data suggest that PDC could exert a negative regulator role of antitumor response. Emerging hypothesis explains the controversial function of PDC with the tumour microenvironment involvement in subversion of their anti-tumoral activity. Our previous unpublished data on a large cohort of Primary Cutaneous Melanoma (PCM) showed that PDC density within the tumor fails to correlate with a good prognosis in term of IFN-α production. Analysing a cohort of Metastatic Melanoma (MM) patients, we reported a striking decrease of PDC in MM tissues compared to PCM suggesting a severe defect of this population during advanced disease stage. This observation might indicate a reduced PDC bone marrow output or, alternatively, defective migratory properties of PDC. Analysis of Chemokine Receptor (CKR) repertoire of circulating PDC of MM patients suggested lack of activation of these cells. In addition, a significant reduction of circulating PDC and Myeloid Dendritic Cell (MDC) frequencies was detected in blood of MM patients. Interestingly, PDC and MDC reduction was correlated with the tumor burden of MM patients. Moreover, stimulation of TLR7/9 agonists resulted in PDC impairment of MM patients in IFN-α and IP-10 production. Constitutive hyper-activation of the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway is common in melanoma. Combination of BRAF (BRAFi: Vemurafenib and Dabrafenib) and MEK (MEKi: Trametinib and Cometinib) inhibitors represents the standard of care for BRAF mutated MM patients. It is interesting to note that clinical response to Vemurafenib is partially mediated by the immune system. Recently, it has been demonstrated that exposure to MEKi and BRAFi might modulate dendritic cell function. So, we extended the analysis to patients treated with target therapies (i.e. Vemurafenib, Dabrafenib, Trametinib and Cometinib). In our cohort, PDC and MDC frequencies remained unchanged during treatment and single patient analysis revealed no recovery in blood MDC and PDC pool during the treatment. Similarly, PDC capability to produce IFN-α and IP-10 was not restored. This might indicate that microscopic residual disease interferes with PDC function. Alternatively, BRAFi and MEKi might exert some direct effect on PDC function. Our preliminary data obtained on purified PDC suggested that at the therapeutic dose of Vemurafenib cell viability was not affected. Experiments based on an in vitro culture model have enabled us to mimick the direct impact of melanoma cells. PDC viability was affected by melanoma cell supernatant (SN-mel) after 24h of exposure and the death rate was different among different melanoma cell lines. In our experiments, we could observed a downregulation of surface BDCA-2 on PDC after SN-mel exposure. In addition, SN-mel significantly reduced IFN-α and IP-10 production by TLR 7/9 agonists stimulation. These finding suggest that biochemical compounds and ligands produced by melanoma cells affect the survival and function of PDC.
Characterization of plasmacytoid dendritic cells compartment in advanced melanoma
VESCOVI, Raffaella
2016-01-01
Abstract
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (PDC) are a rare innate immune cells subpopulation .After development, PDC are realised by the bone marrow into the blood stream and migrate from bone marrow to lymph nodes, mucosal associated lymphoid tissue and spleen in steady state conditions. Properly activated PDC may exert antitumor activity through TLR7/9 dependent IFN-α production. IFN-ɑ affects tumor cell proliferation, tumor lymph/angiogenesis, tumor metastasis and enhances the NK cell citoxicity against tumor cells. Autocrine IFNα/β signalling in PDC also modulates a set of interferon-inducible genes such CXCL10/IP-10. IP-10 is a pro-inflammatory chemokine involved in leucocytes recruitment and responsible of Th1 and Th17 polarization of T-cell. PDC recruitment in peripheral tissue has been reported during inflammation and in several types of tumor such as melanoma, head and neck cancer, ovarian carcinoma and breast cancer. Despite of infiltration in many cancers, the PDC anti-tumoral function is still debating. Recent data suggest that PDC could exert a negative regulator role of antitumor response. Emerging hypothesis explains the controversial function of PDC with the tumour microenvironment involvement in subversion of their anti-tumoral activity. Our previous unpublished data on a large cohort of Primary Cutaneous Melanoma (PCM) showed that PDC density within the tumor fails to correlate with a good prognosis in term of IFN-α production. Analysing a cohort of Metastatic Melanoma (MM) patients, we reported a striking decrease of PDC in MM tissues compared to PCM suggesting a severe defect of this population during advanced disease stage. This observation might indicate a reduced PDC bone marrow output or, alternatively, defective migratory properties of PDC. Analysis of Chemokine Receptor (CKR) repertoire of circulating PDC of MM patients suggested lack of activation of these cells. In addition, a significant reduction of circulating PDC and Myeloid Dendritic Cell (MDC) frequencies was detected in blood of MM patients. Interestingly, PDC and MDC reduction was correlated with the tumor burden of MM patients. Moreover, stimulation of TLR7/9 agonists resulted in PDC impairment of MM patients in IFN-α and IP-10 production. Constitutive hyper-activation of the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway is common in melanoma. Combination of BRAF (BRAFi: Vemurafenib and Dabrafenib) and MEK (MEKi: Trametinib and Cometinib) inhibitors represents the standard of care for BRAF mutated MM patients. It is interesting to note that clinical response to Vemurafenib is partially mediated by the immune system. Recently, it has been demonstrated that exposure to MEKi and BRAFi might modulate dendritic cell function. So, we extended the analysis to patients treated with target therapies (i.e. Vemurafenib, Dabrafenib, Trametinib and Cometinib). In our cohort, PDC and MDC frequencies remained unchanged during treatment and single patient analysis revealed no recovery in blood MDC and PDC pool during the treatment. Similarly, PDC capability to produce IFN-α and IP-10 was not restored. This might indicate that microscopic residual disease interferes with PDC function. Alternatively, BRAFi and MEKi might exert some direct effect on PDC function. Our preliminary data obtained on purified PDC suggested that at the therapeutic dose of Vemurafenib cell viability was not affected. Experiments based on an in vitro culture model have enabled us to mimick the direct impact of melanoma cells. PDC viability was affected by melanoma cell supernatant (SN-mel) after 24h of exposure and the death rate was different among different melanoma cell lines. In our experiments, we could observed a downregulation of surface BDCA-2 on PDC after SN-mel exposure. In addition, SN-mel significantly reduced IFN-α and IP-10 production by TLR 7/9 agonists stimulation. These finding suggest that biochemical compounds and ligands produced by melanoma cells affect the survival and function of PDC.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Vescovi R. PhD thesis.pdf
non disponibili
Descrizione: Tesi di dottorato
Tipologia:
Tesi di dottorato
Licenza:
Accesso ristretto
Dimensione
2.78 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
2.78 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri Richiedi una copia |
I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.