HIV-1, per compiere il suo ciclo infettivo, si serve dell’associazione con numerose proteine cellulari. In questo lavoro mi sono occupata di studiare l’interazione tra proteine di HIV-1 e proteine cellulari, in particolare tra Env e HLA-C e tra Nef e la tioesterasi umana (ACOT8). Studi precedenti hanno dimostrato come la presenza di HLA-C sui virioni di HIV-1 ne aumenti l’infettività; è stata inoltre riportata una correlazione tra i livelli di espressione di HLA-C e la replicazione virale. In questo studio abbiamo dimostrato che la presenza di HIV-1 aumenta la quantità di molecole HLA-C open conformer (non associate alla β2-microglobulina) sulla membrana di cellule infettate; che la proteina Env è in grado di ripristinare la presenza di HLA-C sulla superficie di cellule negative per la β2m; che HLA-C associa alternativamente o con la β2m o con Env; che Env può sostituire la β2m nel trasporto di molecole HLA-C open conformer sulla membrana cellulare; che pseudovirus di HIV-1 sono meno infettivi in presenza di β2m, suggerendo un meccanismo competitivo tra Env e β2m per il legame a HLA-C. In nostri dati suggeriscono quindi che l’aumento di infettività di HIV-1 in presenza di HLA-C è strettamente legato alla disponibilità di molecole open conformer, dimostrando come la stabilità del legame tra HLA-C e laβ2m sia un fattore discriminante per l’associazione con Env. Pertanto le differenze osservate tra i livelli di espressione in membrana tra i diversi alleli di HLA-C può essere dovuta ad una diversa affinità per il legame alla β2m. Di conseguenza la maggiore o minore stabilità di associazione con la β2m o con Env, può conferire alle diverse varianti alleliche di HLA-C una propensione per agire come molecole immuno-competenti o come molecole accessorie per HIV-1. La proteina Nef di HIV-1 interagisce con diverse proteine cellulari, tra cui ACOT8. Tale interazione può modulare la composizione dei raft lipidici durante l’infezione virale. Attualmente le regioni di Nef coinvolte nell’associazione con ACOT8 sono state identificate, ma, a causa della mancanza di dati strutturali per ACOT8, non vi è alcuna informazione riguardante le regioni di ACOT8 importanti per l’interazione con Nef. In questo lavoro, mediante l’utilizzo di metodi di predizione bioinformatica, è stata modellizzata la struttura di ACOT8 e, attraverso procedure di docking, è stata riscontrata un’alta complementarietà di carica tra le superfici di Nef e ACOT8, che ha permesso l’identificazione degli aminoacidi di ACOT8 possibilmente coinvolti nell’interazione. Tali dati sono poi stati validati attraverso esperimenti in vitro. Sono stati preparati diversi mutanti di delezione per ACOT8 e, mediante immunofluorescenza e saggi di co-immunoprecipitazione, abbiamo dimostrato come la mutazione p∆PK (K91S) sia sufficiente per compromettere l’associazione con Nef, suggerendo il coinvolgimento della Lys91 in tale interazione. Inoltre anche le regioni ∆PAK (R45-F55) e ∆PK (R86-P93) sono risultate essere importanti per il legame a Nef, indicando che più aminoacidi possono essere coinvolti nell’associazione tra le due proteine. Al contrario, in seguito alla delezione p∆PAK (K52), l’interazione con Nef è stata mantenuta, indicando come tale aminoacido non sia invece coinvolto. Tali osservazioni aprono la strada per il possibile sviluppo di molecole inibitorie volte a ridurre la funzionalità di ACOT8 e quindi comprometterne l’interazione con Nef, riducendo così l’infettività di HIV-1.
HIV-1 relies on several host cell proteins to carry out its infective cycle. In this work I investigated the interactions between HIV-1 proteins and human proteins, in particular between Env and HLA-C and between Nef and the thioesterase 8 (ACOT8). HLA-C presence on HIV-1 virions increases viral infectivity; in addition a correlation between HLA-C expression levels and HIV-1 replication control has been reported. In this study we demonstrated that: HIV-1 presence increases the amount of HLA-C open conformers (not bound to β2m) on infected cells membrane; HIV-1 Env relocates HLA-C on the cell surface of β2m-negative cells; HLA-C alternatively associates with Env or with β2m; Env replaces β2m in the transport of HLA-C open conformers to the cell surface; HIV-1 pseudoviruses are less infectious in the presence of β2m, suggesting a competitive mechanism in HLA-C binding to Env or β2m. Taken together, our data suggest that the enhanced infectivity conferred to HIV-1 by HLA-C specifically involves HLA-C molecules as open conformers. In addition this work draws attention to HLA-C stability as a discriminatory factor for the association with Env. Differences observed between HLA-C alleles may be the consequence of different binding affinities to β2m, which may account for distinct surface expression levels of HLA-C allelic variants. Differences in binding affinity to β2m or to alternative ligands such as HIV-1 Env may confer to allelic variants of HLA-C the ability to preferentially act either as a conventional immune-competent molecule or as an accessory molecule involved in HIV-1 infectivity. HIV-1 Nef interacts with several cellular proteins, among which ACOT8. This interaction may modulate lipid composition in membrane rafts during HIV-1 infection. Currently, the regions involved in the interaction have been experimentally characterized on Nef but not on ACOT8. The lack of structural information for ACOT8 hampers a deep characterization of the putative interaction regions. In this work we modelled, through in silico predictions, the ACOT8 structure in order to identify the aminoacids putatively involved in the interaction with Nef. Our data demonstrated a high charge complementarity between Nef and ACOT8 surface, which allowed the identification of the ACOT8 putative contact points involved in the interaction. The predictions were then validated by in vitro assays. Several ACOT8 deletion mutants were prepared. Through immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation assays we demonstrated that the ACOT8 p∆PK mutation (K91S) is sufficient to abrogate the association with Nef, indicating that K91 plays a fundamental role for this interaction. In addition also the ACOT8 ∆PAK deletion (R45- F55), as well as the ∆PK deletion (R86-P93) resulted to be determinant for the Nef association, suggesting that other residues might be involved. No effects on Nef binding were observed upon ACOT8 p∆PAK deletion (K52) indicating that this aminoacid is not significantly involved in the interaction. Our findings open the way to further investigations for the designing of new inhibitory molecules that interfere with the Nef activity and thus reduce HIV-1 infectivity.
HIV-1 and host cell proteins interactions: role of Env and HLA-C in viral infectivity and molecular analysis of Nef and ACOT8 association
Serena, Michela
2015-01-01
Abstract
HIV-1 relies on several host cell proteins to carry out its infective cycle. In this work I investigated the interactions between HIV-1 proteins and human proteins, in particular between Env and HLA-C and between Nef and the thioesterase 8 (ACOT8). HLA-C presence on HIV-1 virions increases viral infectivity; in addition a correlation between HLA-C expression levels and HIV-1 replication control has been reported. In this study we demonstrated that: HIV-1 presence increases the amount of HLA-C open conformers (not bound to β2m) on infected cells membrane; HIV-1 Env relocates HLA-C on the cell surface of β2m-negative cells; HLA-C alternatively associates with Env or with β2m; Env replaces β2m in the transport of HLA-C open conformers to the cell surface; HIV-1 pseudoviruses are less infectious in the presence of β2m, suggesting a competitive mechanism in HLA-C binding to Env or β2m. Taken together, our data suggest that the enhanced infectivity conferred to HIV-1 by HLA-C specifically involves HLA-C molecules as open conformers. In addition this work draws attention to HLA-C stability as a discriminatory factor for the association with Env. Differences observed between HLA-C alleles may be the consequence of different binding affinities to β2m, which may account for distinct surface expression levels of HLA-C allelic variants. Differences in binding affinity to β2m or to alternative ligands such as HIV-1 Env may confer to allelic variants of HLA-C the ability to preferentially act either as a conventional immune-competent molecule or as an accessory molecule involved in HIV-1 infectivity. HIV-1 Nef interacts with several cellular proteins, among which ACOT8. This interaction may modulate lipid composition in membrane rafts during HIV-1 infection. Currently, the regions involved in the interaction have been experimentally characterized on Nef but not on ACOT8. The lack of structural information for ACOT8 hampers a deep characterization of the putative interaction regions. In this work we modelled, through in silico predictions, the ACOT8 structure in order to identify the aminoacids putatively involved in the interaction with Nef. Our data demonstrated a high charge complementarity between Nef and ACOT8 surface, which allowed the identification of the ACOT8 putative contact points involved in the interaction. The predictions were then validated by in vitro assays. Several ACOT8 deletion mutants were prepared. Through immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation assays we demonstrated that the ACOT8 p∆PK mutation (K91S) is sufficient to abrogate the association with Nef, indicating that K91 plays a fundamental role for this interaction. In addition also the ACOT8 ∆PAK deletion (R45- F55), as well as the ∆PK deletion (R86-P93) resulted to be determinant for the Nef association, suggesting that other residues might be involved. No effects on Nef binding were observed upon ACOT8 p∆PAK deletion (K52) indicating that this aminoacid is not significantly involved in the interaction. Our findings open the way to further investigations for the designing of new inhibitory molecules that interfere with the Nef activity and thus reduce HIV-1 infectivity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Tesi dottorato Michela Serena.pdf
non disponibili
Tipologia:
Tesi di dottorato
Licenza:
Accesso ristretto
Dimensione
4.07 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
4.07 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri Richiedi una copia |
I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.