Il frumento (Triticum aestivum o T.a.) è la prima pianta coltivata dall'uomo e oggi è una delle componenti fondamentali di diverse diete in tutto il mondo. Questo "successo" è legato non solo all’adattabilità agronomica della pianta ma anche alla facilità di conservazione dei semi, la qualità nutrizionale e la versatilità tecnologica dei prodotti ottenuti dalla macinazione. Rispetto ad altri cereali, il frumento possiede caratteristiche uniche; legate principalmente alla sua particolare composizione proteica. Anche se il grano è un alimento di base, esso è anche caratterizzato da alcune proprietà anti-nutrizionali. In particolare, due gruppi di proteine sono stati riconosciuti come importanti allergeni e saranno oggetto della presente tesi: gli inibitori delle α-amilasi, presenti nella frazione proteica solubile di frumento, responsabili principalmente delle allergie inalatorie, ma anche di allergie alimentari; e ω5-gliadina (66 kDa) presente invece nella frazione proteica insolubile, principalmente responsabile di una forma di allergia alimentare conosciuta come WDEIA (anafilassi da sforzo). Attualmente l'unica soluzione per i soggetti allergici consiste nella continua assunzione di farmaci anti-asma e corticosteroidi o nella completa rimozione di prodotti a base di frumento dalla dieta . Per questo motivo, sono stati considerati due differenti approcci per il trattamento delle allergie al frumento (respiratorie e alimentari). L'obiettivo del primo approccio è stato quello di indagare il potenziale allergenico di antiche accessioni di T. monoccoccum (T.m.), T. boeoticum (T.b.) e T. urartu (T.u.), specie diploidi di Triticum filo-geneticamente distanti da T. aestivum, per la produzione di nuovi alimenti ipoallergenici. Per quanto riguarda il secondo approccio, l'obiettivo è stato quello di studiare un protocollo per la produzione e la caratterizzazione di un allergoide di frumento che potesse essere impiegato nella futura immunoterapia specifica (SIT) per il trattamento di allergie inalatorie al frumento. In particolare, i risultati e la discussione della tesi sono stati divisi in tre diverse parti riguardanti: I. l’analisi e la caratterizzazione della frazione solubile di alcune accessioni ancestrali di frumento, in particolare di T. monoccoccum, T. boeoticum e T. urartu, per l'espressione di diversi inibitori delle α-amilasi (αAI), confrontando la reazione immunitaria in vivo tramite Skin Prick Test (SPT) realizzato con estratti ed in vitro esaminando il profilo delle IgE; II. lo studio dell’immunoreattività di diverse accessioni di T. monococcum utilizzando i sieri di soggetti affetti da anafilassi da sforzo, per valutare l'idoneità di questo cereale ancestrale per un futuro sviluppo di prodotti ipoallergenici. A tal fine anche gli effetti della cottura e della digestione gastro-enterica sono stati considerati; III. Io sviluppo di un protocollo per la produzione di un allergoide di frumento e l'analisi delle sue proprietà immunogeniche in un modello di topo. In merito alla parte I, i risultati degli esperimenti d’immunoblotting condotti con anticorpi anti-αAI su più di 50 accessioni appartenenti a T.b., T.u. e T.m., dimostrano che le prime due specie esprimono proteine che presentano epitopi condivisi con gli αAI presenti in T.a., indicando che alcune strutture/sequenze amminoacidiche sono state conservate durante l'evoluzione del frumento. I risultati più importanti riguardano le accessioni di T.m., dal momento che nessuno di loro esprime proteine in grado di inibire le amilasi impiegate; ciò è confermato dall'assenza di segnali positivi nelle accessioni di T.m. analizzati attraverso immunoblotting. L'apparente assenza d’espressione di αAI in T.m. è particolarmente interessante per i nostri scopi. Per questo motivo, l'eventuale reattività della frazione proteica solubile di alcune accessioni di monococco selezionate (in particolare ID 190, 103, Monlis, 358, 715, 131 e ID 109) è stata valutata sia in vivo (analisi SPT) che in vitro (legame delle IgE) con i sieri di pazienti con reazioni avverse al frumento. È interessante notare come alcune di queste accessioni hanno prodotto risposte deboli di SPT e un basso legame delle IgE nelle analisi d’immunoblotting rispetto a T.a. Il risultato cambia quando vengono utilizzati i sieri dei pazienti, anche se è stata dimostrata una mancanza di αAI in alcune accessioni di T.m. con anticorpi policlonali anti-0.19 e anti-0.28. Riguardo alla parte II, i pazienti reclutati sono stati selezionati sulla base della loro storia clinica e la presenza di IgE specifiche verso ω5-gliadina misurata attraverso ImmunoCAP. I sieri sono stati utilizzati per analizzare le proteine di 4 diverse accessioni di T.m. (ID 109, ID 358, ID 1331 e Monlis) e sono stati ottenuti diversi profili di IgE rispetto a Triticum aestivum. La banda a 66 kDa non è stata riconosciuta nelle accessioni di T.m., confermando l'ipotesi di partenza, ossia che questo frumento ancestrale non possiede ω5-gliadina, ma sono comunque state rilevate proteine di massa molecolare inferiore. Per valutare l'eventuale reattività di queste proteine riconosciute dai sieri dei soggetti con ω5-gliadina espressa nel frumento moderno T.a., è stato sviluppato un approccio ELISA. Questo esperimento ha mostrato che, per la maggior parte dei pazienti il livello di reattività crociata è piuttosto basso, anche inferiore del 20%. Sono state quindi preparate delle soluzioni SPT con la frazione insolubile delle accessioni di T.m. e i risultati hanno dato un esito negativo per la grande maggioranza dei pazienti. E’ stato ipotizzato che una variazione delle proprietà allergiche potrebbe verificarsi come risultato di cottura, per cui sono stati eseguiti tre differenti esperimenti di digestione simulata seguiti da immunoblotting, utilizzando due tipi di pani prodotti con farina di T.m. Monlis e farina di T.a. cv Bologna. In tutti i sistemi di digestione in vitro è stata mostrata una rapida riduzione nel riconoscimento IgE-proteine, in particolare verso ω5-gliadina, che è stato completamente abolito nella fase gastrica per entrambi i pani, il che suggerisce che i sistemi di simulazione generalmente utilizzati non sono compatibili con gli allergeni che inducono anafilassi da sforzo. Per quanto riguarda la parte III, le IgE dei pazienti affetti da asma del panificatore) non sono state in grado di riconoscere l’allergoide (MFE) prodotto attraverso carbamilazione dell’estratto di farina di frumento (FE). I risultati ottenuti con ELISA inibizione non hanno mostrato la stessa forte diminuzione del legame IgE-proteine. Questa apparente discrepanza potrebbe essere in parte spiegata tenendo conto delle condizioni degli epitopi durante il legame anticorpale (lineare o conformazionale). Quindi, al fine di valutare se le proteine modificate fossero ancora immunoreattive, è stato deciso di immunizzare topi Balb/c con FE o MFE. Solo il gruppo dei topi trattati con MFE ha presentato anticorpi in grado di legare il principale allergene degli inibitori delle α-amilasi, ossia lo 0.19. Per verificare se gli anticorpi indotti nei topi potessero interferire con il legame delle IgE umane, è stato eseguito un immunoblotting a inibizione co-incubando un siero umano e uno murino. Di fatto, le IgG murine competono con le IgE umane indicando che gli epitopi riconosciuti sono molto simili. In conclusione, i due differenti approcci hanno dimostrato la possibilità di intervenire nel trattamento dell’allergia al frumento. Il primo approccio ha sottolineato il grande potenziale che frumenti ancestrali, come T. monococcum, potrebbero avere nella produzione di nuovi alimenti ipoallergenici, anche se dovranno essere eseguiti ulteriori analisi, come il test di provocazione orale per confermare questa possibilità; il secondo approccio fornisce una dimostrazione che l’uso di un estratto di frumento modificato possa modulare la risposta immunitaria verso l'espressione di IgG specifiche e l’allergene 0.19.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum or T.a.) is the first plant cultivated by humans and today is one of the fundamental components of several diets around the world. This "success" is related not only to the agronomic adaptability of the plant but also to the easy conservation of the grains, their nutritional quality and technological versatility of the products obtained by grinding. Compared to other cereals, wheat possesses unique characteristics; these characteristics are mainly related to the particular protein composition of flour. Although wheat is a staple food it is also characterized by some anti-nutritional properties. In particular, two groups of proteins are acknowledged as major causative allergens and are the object of the present thesis: the inhibitors of α-amylase present in the soluble protein fraction, responsible mainly for inhalant allergies but also for food allergy; and the ω5-gliadin (66 kDa) in the insoluble protein fraction, mainly responsible for a form of food allergy known as WDEIA (Wheat-Dependent Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis). Currently the only solution for the allergic patients consists in the continuous intake of anti-asthma drugs and corticosteroids (in the first case) or in the complete removal of wheat-based products from the diet (in the second case). For this reason, two different approaches for the treatment of wheat allergies (both respiratory and food) were considered. The objective of the first approach is to investigate the potential allergenicity of ancient accessions of T. monoccoccum (T.m.), T. boeoticum (T.b.) and T. urartu (T.u.), diploid species of Triticum phylogenetically distant from T. aestivum, for the production of new hypoallergenic foods. As regards to the second approach, the objective is to study a protocol for the production and characterization of a cyanate–based wheat allergoid which can successfully employed in the future specific immunotherapy (SIT) for the treatment of inhalant allergy to wheat flour. In particular, the results and the discussion of the thesis are divided into three different parts concerning: I. an analysis and the characterization of some wheat ancestral accessions of T. monoccoccum, T. boeoticum and T. urartu for the expression of various α-amylase inhibitors (αAI), examining the soluble fraction, by comparing the in vivo immune reaction through SPT made with the extracts and the in vitro IgE-binding profile; II. a study of the immunoreactivity of different T. monococcum accessions among patients suffering from WDEIA in order to evaluate the suitability of this cereal for the future development of hypoallergenic flours. For this purpose even the effects of baking and gastro-enteric digestion have been considered; III. a development of a protocol for the production of an allergoid and the analysis of its immunogenic properties in a mouse model. Regarding part I, the results of the immunodetection experiments carried out with anti-αAI antibodies on more than 50 accessions belonging to T.b., T.u. and T.m., showed that the first two species express proteins harboring epitopes that are shared with αAI present in T.a. wheat, indicating that some structures/amino acid sequences have been conserved during the evolution of the wheat. The most important findings concern T.m. accessions, since none of them expresses proteins capable of inhibiting any of the amylases employed, therefore confirming the absence of positive signals within T.m. accessions analyzed by immunoblotting. The apparent absence of expression of αAI in T.m. is particularly interesting for our purposes. So, the possible reactivity of the salt-soluble protein fraction from some selected einkorn accessions (in particular ID 190, 103, Monlis, 358, 715, 131 and ID 109) was evaluated in vivo (SPTs analysis) and in vitro (IgE-binding) with the sera of patients with adverse reactions to wheat. Interestingly, some of these accessions produced weak responses by SPT and low IgE-binding profile by immunoblotting analysis compared to T.a. The results changed when patients’ sera was used, although it was demonstrated a lack of αAI in T.m. accessions using anti-0.19 and anti-0.28 PABs. Regarding part II, the patients recruited were selected on the basis of their clinical history and presence of ω5-gliadin-specific IgE measured by immunoCAP. The sera were used to probe the proteins of 4 T.m. accessions (ID 109, ID 358, ID 1331 and Monlis) and different IgE-binding pattern were obtained in respect to T.a. The 66 kDa band was not recognized in T.m. accessions, confirming the starting hypothesis, i.e. these wheats do not possess ω5-gliadin, but lower molecular mass proteins were detected. In order to evaluate the possible cross-reactivity of T.m. insoluble proteins recognized by sera with ω5-gliadin expressed in modern T.a., an ELISA approach was carried out. These experiments showed that for the majority of the patients the cross-reactivity level is rather low, less than 20%. SPTs with gluten home-made T.m. solutions tested negative for the great majority of that patients. We hypothesize that also a variation of the allergic properties might occur as a result of baking, so, three different experiments of simulated in vitro digestion following by IgE-blotting were performed with two types of breads made with T.m. Monlis and T.a. cv Bologna flour. In all in vitro digestion systems a rapid breakdown of the IgE-binding proteins was shown, in particular the IgE-binding to ω5-gliadin was completely abolished in the gastric phase for both the breads, suggesting that the generally employed simulating systems are not compatible WDEIA-inducing allergens. Regarding part III, several patients’ IgE (patients suffer from bakers’ asthma) were not able to recognize the allergoid (MFE) produced by carbamylation of wheat flour extract (FE). The results obtained by ELISA inhibition did not show the same strong IgE-binding decrease. This apparent discrepancy could be partly explained taking into account the conditions of epitopes during antibody binding (linear or conformational). Then, in order to evaluate whether the modified proteins were still capable of priming naive subjects we decided to immunize Balb/c mice with FE or MFE. Noteworthily, only the mice group treated with MFE presented antibodies capable of binding the major allergens α-amylase inhibitor 0.19. To verify whether the antibodies induced in mice could interfere with the binding of human IgE we performed an immunoblotting inhibition co-incubating human and mice sera. In fact, mice IgG competed with human IgE indicating that the epitopes recognized are similar. In conclusion, the two different approaches, the first acting on the etiologic agent, i.e. wheat, the second on the host, i.e. the human immune system, demonstrated the possibility to intervene in the treatment of wheat allergy. The first approach highlighted the great importance that ancestral wheats, such as T. monococcum, might be used for the production of new hypoallergenic foods, even if further analyses, like oral provocation have to be carried out; the second approach provides a proof of concept of the use of KOCN-modified wheat extracts to modulate the immune-response towards the expression of protective IgG specific to the major allergen α-amylase inhibitor 0.19.
Allergy to wheat: selection of hypoallergenic varieties and development of an allergoid vaccine as novel solutions for patients
BOLLA, MICHELA
2015-01-01
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum or T.a.) is the first plant cultivated by humans and today is one of the fundamental components of several diets around the world. This "success" is related not only to the agronomic adaptability of the plant but also to the easy conservation of the grains, their nutritional quality and technological versatility of the products obtained by grinding. Compared to other cereals, wheat possesses unique characteristics; these characteristics are mainly related to the particular protein composition of flour. Although wheat is a staple food it is also characterized by some anti-nutritional properties. In particular, two groups of proteins are acknowledged as major causative allergens and are the object of the present thesis: the inhibitors of α-amylase present in the soluble protein fraction, responsible mainly for inhalant allergies but also for food allergy; and the ω5-gliadin (66 kDa) in the insoluble protein fraction, mainly responsible for a form of food allergy known as WDEIA (Wheat-Dependent Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis). Currently the only solution for the allergic patients consists in the continuous intake of anti-asthma drugs and corticosteroids (in the first case) or in the complete removal of wheat-based products from the diet (in the second case). For this reason, two different approaches for the treatment of wheat allergies (both respiratory and food) were considered. The objective of the first approach is to investigate the potential allergenicity of ancient accessions of T. monoccoccum (T.m.), T. boeoticum (T.b.) and T. urartu (T.u.), diploid species of Triticum phylogenetically distant from T. aestivum, for the production of new hypoallergenic foods. As regards to the second approach, the objective is to study a protocol for the production and characterization of a cyanate–based wheat allergoid which can successfully employed in the future specific immunotherapy (SIT) for the treatment of inhalant allergy to wheat flour. In particular, the results and the discussion of the thesis are divided into three different parts concerning: I. an analysis and the characterization of some wheat ancestral accessions of T. monoccoccum, T. boeoticum and T. urartu for the expression of various α-amylase inhibitors (αAI), examining the soluble fraction, by comparing the in vivo immune reaction through SPT made with the extracts and the in vitro IgE-binding profile; II. a study of the immunoreactivity of different T. monococcum accessions among patients suffering from WDEIA in order to evaluate the suitability of this cereal for the future development of hypoallergenic flours. For this purpose even the effects of baking and gastro-enteric digestion have been considered; III. a development of a protocol for the production of an allergoid and the analysis of its immunogenic properties in a mouse model. Regarding part I, the results of the immunodetection experiments carried out with anti-αAI antibodies on more than 50 accessions belonging to T.b., T.u. and T.m., showed that the first two species express proteins harboring epitopes that are shared with αAI present in T.a. wheat, indicating that some structures/amino acid sequences have been conserved during the evolution of the wheat. The most important findings concern T.m. accessions, since none of them expresses proteins capable of inhibiting any of the amylases employed, therefore confirming the absence of positive signals within T.m. accessions analyzed by immunoblotting. The apparent absence of expression of αAI in T.m. is particularly interesting for our purposes. So, the possible reactivity of the salt-soluble protein fraction from some selected einkorn accessions (in particular ID 190, 103, Monlis, 358, 715, 131 and ID 109) was evaluated in vivo (SPTs analysis) and in vitro (IgE-binding) with the sera of patients with adverse reactions to wheat. Interestingly, some of these accessions produced weak responses by SPT and low IgE-binding profile by immunoblotting analysis compared to T.a. The results changed when patients’ sera was used, although it was demonstrated a lack of αAI in T.m. accessions using anti-0.19 and anti-0.28 PABs. Regarding part II, the patients recruited were selected on the basis of their clinical history and presence of ω5-gliadin-specific IgE measured by immunoCAP. The sera were used to probe the proteins of 4 T.m. accessions (ID 109, ID 358, ID 1331 and Monlis) and different IgE-binding pattern were obtained in respect to T.a. The 66 kDa band was not recognized in T.m. accessions, confirming the starting hypothesis, i.e. these wheats do not possess ω5-gliadin, but lower molecular mass proteins were detected. In order to evaluate the possible cross-reactivity of T.m. insoluble proteins recognized by sera with ω5-gliadin expressed in modern T.a., an ELISA approach was carried out. These experiments showed that for the majority of the patients the cross-reactivity level is rather low, less than 20%. SPTs with gluten home-made T.m. solutions tested negative for the great majority of that patients. We hypothesize that also a variation of the allergic properties might occur as a result of baking, so, three different experiments of simulated in vitro digestion following by IgE-blotting were performed with two types of breads made with T.m. Monlis and T.a. cv Bologna flour. In all in vitro digestion systems a rapid breakdown of the IgE-binding proteins was shown, in particular the IgE-binding to ω5-gliadin was completely abolished in the gastric phase for both the breads, suggesting that the generally employed simulating systems are not compatible WDEIA-inducing allergens. Regarding part III, several patients’ IgE (patients suffer from bakers’ asthma) were not able to recognize the allergoid (MFE) produced by carbamylation of wheat flour extract (FE). The results obtained by ELISA inhibition did not show the same strong IgE-binding decrease. This apparent discrepancy could be partly explained taking into account the conditions of epitopes during antibody binding (linear or conformational). Then, in order to evaluate whether the modified proteins were still capable of priming naive subjects we decided to immunize Balb/c mice with FE or MFE. Noteworthily, only the mice group treated with MFE presented antibodies capable of binding the major allergens α-amylase inhibitor 0.19. To verify whether the antibodies induced in mice could interfere with the binding of human IgE we performed an immunoblotting inhibition co-incubating human and mice sera. In fact, mice IgG competed with human IgE indicating that the epitopes recognized are similar. In conclusion, the two different approaches, the first acting on the etiologic agent, i.e. wheat, the second on the host, i.e. the human immune system, demonstrated the possibility to intervene in the treatment of wheat allergy. The first approach highlighted the great importance that ancestral wheats, such as T. monococcum, might be used for the production of new hypoallergenic foods, even if further analyses, like oral provocation have to be carried out; the second approach provides a proof of concept of the use of KOCN-modified wheat extracts to modulate the immune-response towards the expression of protective IgG specific to the major allergen α-amylase inhibitor 0.19.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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