«La mia professione è di scrivere historie, e di mandarle alle stampe». L’affermazione, concisa e d’effetto, era stata pronunciata da Girolamo Brusoni durante un processo istruito dai Riformatori dello Studio di Padova, nel 1664. Questo è il punto essenziale: cosa significava essere un professionista delle lettere nel pieno Seicento italiano e quali caratteri assumeva la scrittura delle «historie»? La singolarità di un percorso biografico contribuisce a illuminare il complesso mondo di chi viveva (e più spesso sopravviveva) attraverso la scrittura nel cuore del XVII secolo. Girolamo Brusoni si presentò nel theatrum mundi in qualità di frate, letterato, traduttore, accademico, romanziere, informatore segreto, storiografo ufficiale. Nel corpus delle sue opere, notevole per vastità e piuttosto vario (si articola in novelle, romanzi, memorie accademiche, componimenti poetici, panegirici, trattatelli, relazioni, traduzioni e opere storiografiche), riversò frammenti biografici e proiezioni di sé, ma soprattutto catturò il tumulto della realtà in cui era immerso, dalle terre del polesine, a Ferrara e Padova, poi lungamente a Venezia e lungo la riviera del Brenta, fino a Torino. Si trattava di un mondo in mutamento e lui stesso apparteneva a una generazione in crisi d’identità, che aveva conosciuto i rivolgimenti della peste e assisteva al susseguirsi di guerre vicine e lontane, così come all’incessante tessitura di trame politiche, negoziazioni, rapporti di forza, in una dimensione nazionale ed europea. Diventare un professionista delle lettere era un modo per conquistare uno statuto sociale, una posizione riconosciuta e la varietà degli attori sociali garantiva una continua dinamica di accrescimento e scambio: gli autori, gli editori, i tipografi, i librai, gli agenti, i novellisti e gli informatori offrivano competenze diverse che, sovrapponendosi e intersecandosi in molteplici punti, accrescevano quotidianamente il mercato editoriale e dell’informazione. Queste figure, incluso Brusoni, sono state talvolta confuse, sottoposte a giudizi poco lusinghieri e sbrigativamente licenziate utilizzando l'espressione "avventurieri della penna", o inaffidabili "pennivendoli". In realtà, la condizione degli scrittori secenteschi merita ancora di essere esplorata. La ricerca indaga alcuni temi ricorrenti, che seguivano le trasformazioni socioculturali e tornavano con una certa insistenza nelle vicende individuali e collettive. Il rapporto con il concetto di «libertà», ad esempio, era declinato in svariate forme, dalla «libertà d’animo», a quella «della penna» (in relazione con il potere politico), fino ai “libertinismi” e alla rivendicazione di tensioni liberatorie connesse al naturalismo. L’esperienza accademica, regolata dalle pratiche della conversazione e pervasa dalle sfumature del non conformismo e del libertinismo veneto, era rifluita nella narrazione dei romanzi e, fin dall’esordio letterario, non era mancato uno spiccato interesse per l’elemento storico-cronachistico. La "retorica della verità" (che accompagnava regolarmente la difesa del metodo utilizzato per la redazione delle relazioni politiche e delle Historie) tornava con insistenza negli avvisi al lettore; mentre la corrispondenza rivelava gli estenuanti negoziati per la rappresentazione del potere e la trasmissione dell’immagine pubblica, così come il problema dell’onore, della reputazione e della rispettabilità autoriale. Erano i rapporti di forza tra gli attori sociali a regolare la produzione letteraria dell’epoca, in particolar modo quella storiografica, e a influire sul margine di libertà della scrittura: queste dinamiche implicavano gli autori, l’intervento del potere politico e l’interesse del pubblico. In una società condizionata in modo notevole dai flussi di notizie, dal bisogno di fabbricare opinioni e dalla discussione quotidiana dei fatti, chi esercitava il potere doveva preoccuparsi anche della manipolazione dei materiali informativi e del racconto dei fatti. Nel pieno del Seicento italiano, tutti questi elementi hanno giocato un ruolo fondamentale nella costruzione dell’identità sociale d’individui come Girolamo Brusoni e hanno determinato anche la consapevolezza del mestiere. I professionisti della parola osservavano, ascoltavano, leggevano, accumulavano notizie, cercavano invano di ordinarle, mantenevano lunghe corrispondenze, ma soprattutto scrivevano molto, cercando di assicurarsi una protezione e di intuire, possibilmente, anche i gusti di un pubblico che diveniva sempre più esigente.
«My profession is to write histories and send them for print». The statement, concise and catchy, was pronounced by Girolamo Brusoni during a case prepared by the Riformatori dello Studio di Padova, in 1664. This is the focus: what did it mean to be a "professional of the letters” in the full 17th century, in Italy, and what were the features of writing histories? The singularity of the biographical pattern can illuminate the complex world of those who lived (or survived) through writing in the 17th century. Girolamo Brusoni performed in the theatrum mundi as friar, scholar, translator, academic, novelist, secret informer, historiographer. In the literary corpus, wide and assorted (novels, romances, academic memoires, poems, translations, treatises, reports and histories), he poured biographical fragments and self projections, but above all he captured the inner turmoil of facts and cities, from the Polesine, to Ferrara and Padua, then to Venice and the riviera del Brenta, up to Turin. The world was changing: Brusoni belonged to a generation in identity crisis, marked by plague, upset by wars and involved in political plots, negotiations and power relations, in both national and european perspectives. The “professionals of the letters” struggled to conquer a social status and a recognized position and the variety of social actors guaranteed a continuous process of increase and exchange: all authors, editors, typographers, booksellers, agents and informers offered different competences, daily increasing the editorial market and the commerce of informations. These figures (Brusoni included) have been sometimes confused, carelessly judged and frequently dismissed as “adventurers of the pen” or unreliable “hack writers”, but their condition still deserves to be explored. The research examines several recurring subjects, which followed the social and cultural transformations and persistently reappeared in individual and collective events. The concept of «freedom», for example, was inflected in various forms, from «freedom of the spirit», to «freedom of the pen», up to the “libertinisms” and the claim for liberating naturalistic inclinations. The academic experience, ruled by the practice of conversation and pervaded by the shades of venetian non conformism and libertinism, was absorbed by the novels. Moreover, since the debut, the author showed a strong interest in chronicles and historical narration. The “rhetoric of truth”, regularly performed in the defense of the writing method used for the reports and the histories, appeared over and over again in every book in the “notices to the readers”. The correspondence showed the exhausting negotiations for the representation of power and the dissemination of the public image, besides the problem of honor, reputation and authorial respectability. At the time, the power relations between social actors ruled the literary production, particularly the historical, and affected the writers’ margin of freedom: these dynamics involved the authors, the political power and the public. In a society so conditioned by the stream of news and by the desire to fabricate opinions and to discuss publicly the informations, the rulers needed to manipulate the narrations and the informative materials. In the full 17th century, all these matters played an essential role in the construction of the social identity of individuals, as Girolamo Brusoni, and defined their professional awareness. The “professionals of the letters” observed, listened, read, collected, organized news and informations, kept huge correspondences and, most of all, they wrote a lot, trying to ensure some political protection and to catch the taste of a wide and demanding public.
I forzati della penna. Girolamo Brusoni, un professionista delle lettere nel Seicento italiano
Modena, Giulia
2015-01-01
Abstract
«My profession is to write histories and send them for print». The statement, concise and catchy, was pronounced by Girolamo Brusoni during a case prepared by the Riformatori dello Studio di Padova, in 1664. This is the focus: what did it mean to be a "professional of the letters” in the full 17th century, in Italy, and what were the features of writing histories? The singularity of the biographical pattern can illuminate the complex world of those who lived (or survived) through writing in the 17th century. Girolamo Brusoni performed in the theatrum mundi as friar, scholar, translator, academic, novelist, secret informer, historiographer. In the literary corpus, wide and assorted (novels, romances, academic memoires, poems, translations, treatises, reports and histories), he poured biographical fragments and self projections, but above all he captured the inner turmoil of facts and cities, from the Polesine, to Ferrara and Padua, then to Venice and the riviera del Brenta, up to Turin. The world was changing: Brusoni belonged to a generation in identity crisis, marked by plague, upset by wars and involved in political plots, negotiations and power relations, in both national and european perspectives. The “professionals of the letters” struggled to conquer a social status and a recognized position and the variety of social actors guaranteed a continuous process of increase and exchange: all authors, editors, typographers, booksellers, agents and informers offered different competences, daily increasing the editorial market and the commerce of informations. These figures (Brusoni included) have been sometimes confused, carelessly judged and frequently dismissed as “adventurers of the pen” or unreliable “hack writers”, but their condition still deserves to be explored. The research examines several recurring subjects, which followed the social and cultural transformations and persistently reappeared in individual and collective events. The concept of «freedom», for example, was inflected in various forms, from «freedom of the spirit», to «freedom of the pen», up to the “libertinisms” and the claim for liberating naturalistic inclinations. The academic experience, ruled by the practice of conversation and pervaded by the shades of venetian non conformism and libertinism, was absorbed by the novels. Moreover, since the debut, the author showed a strong interest in chronicles and historical narration. The “rhetoric of truth”, regularly performed in the defense of the writing method used for the reports and the histories, appeared over and over again in every book in the “notices to the readers”. The correspondence showed the exhausting negotiations for the representation of power and the dissemination of the public image, besides the problem of honor, reputation and authorial respectability. At the time, the power relations between social actors ruled the literary production, particularly the historical, and affected the writers’ margin of freedom: these dynamics involved the authors, the political power and the public. In a society so conditioned by the stream of news and by the desire to fabricate opinions and to discuss publicly the informations, the rulers needed to manipulate the narrations and the informative materials. In the full 17th century, all these matters played an essential role in the construction of the social identity of individuals, as Girolamo Brusoni, and defined their professional awareness. The “professionals of the letters” observed, listened, read, collected, organized news and informations, kept huge correspondences and, most of all, they wrote a lot, trying to ensure some political protection and to catch the taste of a wide and demanding public.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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