Iperossaluria Primaria tipo I ( PH1 ) è una rara malattia autosomica recessiva caratterizzata da un elevato livello di ossalato nelle urine , che provoca la formazione di cristalli insolubili di ossalato di calcio dapprima nei reni e delle vie urinarie e , in assenza di un adeguato trattamento , in tutto il corpo . PH1 è causata da un deficit dell'enzima epatico Alanina: Gliossilato aminotransferasi ( AGT ). AGT è un enzima piridossal 5' - fosfato perossisomi ( PLP )-dipendente che converte il gliossilato in glicina, impedendo così l'ossidazione gliossilato di ossalato e la successiva formazione di ossalato di calcio. AGT è codificata dal gene AGXT, che presenta nell'uomo, due forme polimorfe : l'allele maggiore (codifica AGT - Ma) e l'allele minore (codificante AGT - Mi). Finora sono state identificate più di 150 mutazioni associate a PH1. Diversi studi hanno consentito interessanti progressi nella comprensione dei meccanismi molecolari per cui ciascuna mutazione conduce alla carenza di AGT . Tuttavia, molto spesso i pazienti affetti da PH1 sono eterozigoti composti e il loro fenotipo enzimatico potrebbe dipendere da fenomeni di complementazione interallelic ( IC ). Fino ad ora , la patogenesi di PH1 è stata studiata solo tramite approcci che mimano la situazione cellulare di pazienti omozigoti , mentre il fenotipo clinico relazione genotipo- fenotipo enzimatico di pazienti eterozigoti composti è completamente sconosciuto . Durante il mio dottorato di ricerca , ho condotto studi volti a chiarire il fenotipo enzimatico legata alla mutazione S81L su AGT -Ma , concernente un residuo di interazione con il PLP , sia in omozigosi sia in eterozigosi composta con la mutazione G170R , la variante più comune in AGT – Mi. G170R è nota per determinare il mistargeting mitocondriale di AGT senza alterare le proprietà funzionali dell'enzima stesso. Utilizzando un vettore di espressione eucariotico bicistronico abbiamo dimostrato che ( i) S81L -Ma ha una significativa ocalizzazione perossisomale, e ( ii ) l'interazione dei monomeri S81L e G170R si verifica nella cellula formando un eterodimero G170R-Mi/S81L-Ma, che viene importato in perossisomi e presenta una funzionalità migliorata rispetto agli enzimi parentali . Questi dati , integrati con i risultati della caratterizzazione biochimica dell' eterodimero purificato ottenuti da un vettore di espressione procariotico, sostengono l'ipotesi di un IC positiva tra i monomeri S81L e G170R. Questo studio rappresenta la prima indagine della patogenesi della PH1 in pazienti eterozigoti composti a livello molecolare. PH1 è una malattia molto difficile da curare. Solo due approcci terapeutici sono attualmente a disposizione: la somministrazione di piridossina , un precursore di PLP, che è efficace solo in una minoranza di pazienti, e il trapianto di fegato, una procedura molto invasiva . Ne consegue che lo sviluppo di nuove strategie di trattamento , meno invasive ed efficaci per tutti i pazienti , sarebbe altamente desiderabile. Poiché PH1 è originata dal deficit di un singolo enzima , la possibilità di ripristinare la capacità catalitica degli epatociti somministrando enzima esogeno è una prospettiva intrigante. Uno dei problemi principali per lo sviluppo di una terapia somministrazione enzima è l'ingresso intracellulare della proteina esogena. Durante il mio dottorato di ricerca ho utilizzato un duplice approccio per ottenere una forma AGT in grado di attraversare il plasma membrana: ( i) la costruzione di una proteina di fusione tra AGT e la Tat peptide sfruttando le capacità di attraversamento di membrana del domino Tat , e ( ii ) la coniugazione di AGT con un nanocarrier polimerico in grado di trasportare l'enzima funzionale attraverso la membrana plasmatica. Entrambe le strategiehanno dimostrato di essere efficaci nella trasduzione di AGT in un modello cellulare permettendo di ripristinare la capacità di disintossicazione gliossilato senza alterare significativamente le proprietà strutturali e funzionali di AGT. Questi risultati possono essere considerati un incoraggiante punto di partenza per lo sviluppo di una terapia somministrazione enzima per PH1.
Primary Hyperoxaluria Type I (PH1) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a high level of oxalate in the urine, which in turn results in the formation of insoluble calcium oxalate crystals at first in the kidneys and urinary tract and then, in absence of an appropriate treatment, in the whole body. PH1 is caused by the deficiency of human liver alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT), a peroxisomal pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme. AGT detoxifies glyoxylate to glycine, thus preventing glyoxylate oxidation to oxalate and the subsequent calcium oxalate formation. AGT is encoded by the AGXT gene, which presents, in humans, two polymorphic forms: the major allele (encoding AGT-Ma) and the minor allele (encoding AGT-Mi). At the time of writing, more than 150 mutations associated with PH1 have been reported and several studies allowed for interesting progresses in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which each mutation leads to AGT deficiency. However, quite often patients affected by PH1 are compound heterozygous and their enzymatic phenotype could depend on interallelic complementation (IC) effects. Until now, the pathogenesis of PH1 has been only studied by approaches mimicking homozygous patients, while the genotype-enzymatic phenotype-clinical phenotype relationship of compound heterozygous patients is completely unknown. During my PhD, we elucidated the enzymatic phenotype linked to the S81L mutation on AGT-Ma, concerning a PLP binding residue, and how it changes when the most common mutation G170R on AGT-Mi, known to cause AGT mistargeting without affecting the enzyme functional properties, is present in the second allele. By using a bicistronic eukaryotic expression vector we demonstrated that (i) S81L-Ma has a significant peroxisomal localization, and (ii) the interaction of the S81L and G170R monomers occurs in the cell yielding the G170R-Mi/S81L-Ma heterodimer, which is imported into peroxisomes and exhibits an enhanced functionality with respect to the parental enzymes. These data, integrated with the biochemical features of the recombinant purified heterodimer compared with those of the homodimeric counterparts obtained by a dual vector prokaryotic expression strategy, provided evidence for a positive IC between the S81L and G170R monomers. This study represents the first investigation of the pathogenesis of PH1 in compound heterozygous patients at molecular level. PH1 is a very difficult-to-treat disease. Only two curative therapeutic approaches are currently available: the administration of pyridoxine, a precursor of PLP that is only effective in a minority of patients, and liver transplantation, a very invasive procedure. It follows that the development of new treatment strategies, less invasive and effective for all the patients, would be highly desirable. In this regard, since PH1 originates from the deficit of a single enzyme, the opportunity to restore the catalytic pool of the hepatocytes by administering exogenous enzyme is an intriguing perspective. One of the major issues for the development of an enzyme administration therapy is the intracellular delivery of the exogenous protein. During my PhD, to obtain an AGT form able to cross the plasma membrane, a dual approach was used: (i) the construction of a fusion protein between AGT and the Tat peptide exploiting the membrane crossing capabilities of the Tat moiety, and (ii) the conjugation of AGT with a polymeric nanocarrier able to deliver the functional enzyme across the plasma membrane. Both strategies did not significantly alter the structural and functional properties of AGT and proved to be effective in transducing active AGT into a cellular disease model and in restoring their glyoxylate detoxification ability. These results can be considered an encouraging starting point for the development of an enzyme administration therapy for PH1.
THE DEFICIT OF ALANINE:GLYOXYLATE AMINOTRANSFERASE LEADS TO PRIMARY HYPEROXALURIA TYPE I: A BIOCHEMICAL STUDY TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF INTERALLELIC COMPLEMENTATION IN COMPOUND HETEROZYGOUS PATIENTS AND TO PROJECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENZYME ADMINISTRATION THERAPY.
Roncador, Alessandro
2014-01-01
Abstract
Primary Hyperoxaluria Type I (PH1) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a high level of oxalate in the urine, which in turn results in the formation of insoluble calcium oxalate crystals at first in the kidneys and urinary tract and then, in absence of an appropriate treatment, in the whole body. PH1 is caused by the deficiency of human liver alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT), a peroxisomal pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme. AGT detoxifies glyoxylate to glycine, thus preventing glyoxylate oxidation to oxalate and the subsequent calcium oxalate formation. AGT is encoded by the AGXT gene, which presents, in humans, two polymorphic forms: the major allele (encoding AGT-Ma) and the minor allele (encoding AGT-Mi). At the time of writing, more than 150 mutations associated with PH1 have been reported and several studies allowed for interesting progresses in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which each mutation leads to AGT deficiency. However, quite often patients affected by PH1 are compound heterozygous and their enzymatic phenotype could depend on interallelic complementation (IC) effects. Until now, the pathogenesis of PH1 has been only studied by approaches mimicking homozygous patients, while the genotype-enzymatic phenotype-clinical phenotype relationship of compound heterozygous patients is completely unknown. During my PhD, we elucidated the enzymatic phenotype linked to the S81L mutation on AGT-Ma, concerning a PLP binding residue, and how it changes when the most common mutation G170R on AGT-Mi, known to cause AGT mistargeting without affecting the enzyme functional properties, is present in the second allele. By using a bicistronic eukaryotic expression vector we demonstrated that (i) S81L-Ma has a significant peroxisomal localization, and (ii) the interaction of the S81L and G170R monomers occurs in the cell yielding the G170R-Mi/S81L-Ma heterodimer, which is imported into peroxisomes and exhibits an enhanced functionality with respect to the parental enzymes. These data, integrated with the biochemical features of the recombinant purified heterodimer compared with those of the homodimeric counterparts obtained by a dual vector prokaryotic expression strategy, provided evidence for a positive IC between the S81L and G170R monomers. This study represents the first investigation of the pathogenesis of PH1 in compound heterozygous patients at molecular level. PH1 is a very difficult-to-treat disease. Only two curative therapeutic approaches are currently available: the administration of pyridoxine, a precursor of PLP that is only effective in a minority of patients, and liver transplantation, a very invasive procedure. It follows that the development of new treatment strategies, less invasive and effective for all the patients, would be highly desirable. In this regard, since PH1 originates from the deficit of a single enzyme, the opportunity to restore the catalytic pool of the hepatocytes by administering exogenous enzyme is an intriguing perspective. One of the major issues for the development of an enzyme administration therapy is the intracellular delivery of the exogenous protein. During my PhD, to obtain an AGT form able to cross the plasma membrane, a dual approach was used: (i) the construction of a fusion protein between AGT and the Tat peptide exploiting the membrane crossing capabilities of the Tat moiety, and (ii) the conjugation of AGT with a polymeric nanocarrier able to deliver the functional enzyme across the plasma membrane. Both strategies did not significantly alter the structural and functional properties of AGT and proved to be effective in transducing active AGT into a cellular disease model and in restoring their glyoxylate detoxification ability. These results can be considered an encouraging starting point for the development of an enzyme administration therapy for PH1.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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