Studio I La percezione dello sforzo (RPE) è considerato un determinante negaitvo dell’attività fisica. Questa sensazione è correlata all’intensità dell’esercizio eseguito in un determinato momento. E’ noto che l’esercizio ad elevata intensità è associato ad un tasso di aderenza minore se confrontato con uno ad intensità più bassa. La caffeina è una delle sostanze più utilizzate in tutto il mondo. Inoltre, è stato ben definito che essa può migliorare le prestazioni in atleti anche grazie a un aumento della potenza prodotta. L’effetto della caffeina sull’ RPE in soggetti sedentari non è stato molto studiato e risulta controverso. E’ stato indicato che RPE potrebbe non essere modificato a seguito di assunzione di caffeina in questa popolazione durante un esercizio sottomassimale aerobico. Lo scopo dello studio è stato quello di determinare gli effetti della caffeina in soggetti sedentari a livello della riduzione di RPE durante un esercizio sottomassimale aerobico. Inoltre, uno scopo secondario, è stato quello di determinare gli effetti della caffeina a livello cardiovascolare e fisiologico. 16 soggetti hanno partecipato allo studio effettuando quattro visite al laboratorio. In questo studio randomizzato incrociato, i partecipanti hanno effettuato una simulazione aerobica sottomassimale, assumendo in un ordine randomizzato 400,200 mg e placebo. E’ stata trovata un’ interazione significativa della caffeina su RPE (p<0.05,p=0.006). Confronti hanno dimostrato come una dose di 200 mg(M=15.66,SD=1.69)(p<0.05,p=0.014) e 400mg(M=15.47,SD=1.26)(p<0.05,p=0.000) di caffeina sono in grado di ridurre RPE rispetto a placebo in maniera signficativa (M=16.94,SD=1.94). Non sono state trovate differenze significative tra 200,400mg caffeina (p=1.000). No interazioni trattamento x carico in merito al VO2(p=0.480), VCO2(p=0.408),VE(p=0.388),HR(p=0.548),La(p=0.390),RPM(p=0.659),SV(p=0.284), CO(p=0.285), SBP(p=0.538) e DBP(p=0.972). E’ stato trovato un main effect del carico per le variabili VO2,VCO2,VE,HR,La-,RPM,SV,CO e SBP (P<0.05). DBP non ha prodotto alcun main effect del carico (P>0.05). Concludendo, questo studio ha dimostrato che l’assunzione di 200mg di caffeina 15 minuti prima di un esercizio aerobico sottomassimale hanno prodotto una riduzione di RPE in soggetti sedentari. STUDIO II: E’ ben noto che un’attività fisica effettuata regolarmente, alla giusta intensità, durata e frequenza produca un miglioramento del fitness e dello stato generale di salute. Come revisionato da Dishman, l’abitudine all’esercizio fisico è determinata da diversi fattori. Studi precedenti effettuati per indagare l’aderenza all’attività fisica, sono stati focalizzati su interventi psicologici e comportamentali per cercare di migliorarne il livello. Ad oggi, solo pochi studi hanno focalizzato l’attenzione su strategie nutrizionali per poter migliorare l’aderenza all’attività fisica. Lo scopo di questo studio è stato di implementare un protocollo di lavoro aerobico di 12 settimane, con una frequenza di 3 sedute di allenamento a settimana per verificare l’efficacia dell’assunzione di 200 mg di caffeina 60 minuti prima di ogni seduta di allenamento nell’aumentare l’aderenza ad un programma di allenamento ad elevata intensità. A seguito della randomizzazione, i soggetti hanno effettuato un test di VO2MAX per definire il proprio picco di Potenza [W] e le relative intensità di allenamento per le prime 6 settimane. La stessa procedura è stata osservata dopo le prime sei settimane ed al termine dello studio. E stato inoltre chiesto ai soggetti di compilare un questionario iniziale relativo a IPAQ, EMI-2 e BRUMS, per poter definire qualsiasi differenza di attività fisica quitidiana oltre allo stato d’animo e la motivazione. I parametri relativi all’aderenza sono stati misurati a 6 e 12 settimane di allenamento per poter identificare differenze tra i due gruppi (CAF-PLAC). Risultati: attendance al programma di allenamento è risultata significativamente differente nelle settimane da 1 a 6 [CAF(12.92±3.75)PLAC(15.92± 2.54)t(23)=-2.99,p=0.030],6 a 12 [CAF(4.00±5.34) PLAC(8.67 ± 5.34) t(23) =-4.67,p= 0.040] e nelle 12 settimane di allenamento [CAF(16.92 ± 7.98)PLAC(24.58±6.49)t(23)=-7.66,p=0.040]. La percentuale media di tempo completato è risultata significativamente differente nelle settimane da 1 a 6 CAF(68.01±19.46)PLAC(85.50±14.19) t(23) =-17.49,p=0. 018] e da 1 a 12 [CAF(47.01 ± 22.18)PLAC(68.29 ± 18.02) t(23) = -21.28, p = 0.015]. Il confronto del tempo medio di allenamento speso in ogni singola seduta di allenamento è stato trovato significativamente differente nelle sessioni 12,15,17,21,22,33,35(P<0,05). I risultati relativi al questionario BRUMS non hanno identificato alcuna interazione statisticamente significativa tra caf_pre plac_pre e caf_post plac_post in merito a ANGER(p=0.700),CONFUSION(p=0.976),DEPRESSION(p=0.807),FATIGUE(p=0.700), TENSION(p=0.582) and VIGOUR(p =0.867). Inoltre, alcuno di questi parametri ha mostrato un main effect del tempo (P>0.05). I risultati relativi al questionari EMI-2 non hanno mostrato alcuna interazione nei confronti pre e post dei gruppi caff e plac in relazione ai parametri AFFILIATION(p=0.370),APPEARANCE(p =0.685),ENJOYMENT(p = 0.643),HEALTHPRESSURE(p = 0.855),HILLHEALTH AVOIDANCE(p=0.394),NIMBLENESS(p=0.597),POSITIVEHEALTH(p=0.227), REVITALISATION(p=0.324),SOCIALRECOGNITION(p=0.364),STRENGTHENDURANCE(p=0.696)and WEIGHTMANAGEMENT(p=0.929). Inoltre, solo per quanto riguarda I parametri AFFILIATION,POSITIVEHEALTH , è stato trovato un main effect del tempo(P<0.05), mentre per tutte le alter variabili non è stato trovato alcun effetto nel tempo (P>0.05). I risultati relativi alla scala PACES non hanno mostrato alcuna interazione significativa tra caff e plac in riferimento al parametro PACESSCALESCORING(p=0.794). Nessun main effect del tempo è stato trovato (P>0.05). I risultati relativi al questionario IPAQ hanno mostrato un’interazione significativa nel confronto pre-post tra i gruppi caff e plac in relazione ai parametri IPAQHIGHINTENSITYDAYS(p<0.05,p=0.028),IPAQHIGHINTENSITYMINUTES(P<0.05,p=0.014). Tutti gli altri parametri relativi al questionario IPAQ non hanno mostrato alcuna interazione nel confronto pre-post IPAQMODERATEINTENSITYDAYS(p=0.374), IPAQMODERATEINTENSITYMINUTES(p=0.594),IPAQWALKINGDAYS(p=0.647),IPAQWALKINGMINUTES(p=0.898) e IPAQSEATEDMINUTES(p=0.898) (P>0.05). E’ stato trovato un main effect significativo del tempo per i parametri IPAQHIGHINTENSITYDAYS, IPAQHIGHINTENSITYMINUTES (P<0.05). I risultati relativi ai parametri fisiologici e percettivi hanno mostrato la mancanza di qualsiasi interazione nel confronto pre-post tra I gruppi caff e plac in merito al PPO (p = 0.683). Lo stesso ha subito una significativa variazione nel tempo (P<0.05)(p = 0.003). L’ANOVA effettuata per i parametri VO2 PEAK e HR pre-post non ha rilevato alcun cambiamento statisticamente significativo (VO2 PEAK (p = 0.462), HR (p = 0.856)). E’ stato di fatto identificato un main effect del tempo per la variabile HR (p< 0.05, p = 0.001). L’analisi dei dati relativi a RPE pre-post confrontando i due gruppi caff e plac non ha mostrato alcuna differenza significativa in termini di sforzo percepito durante ogni singola seduta (p = 0.487). E’ stato identificato un main effect del tempo (p< 0.05,p=0.001). Tutti i dati sono presentati come media±SD. Conclusioni: Questo studio ha dimostrato che non è presente alcun effetto della caffeina nella riduzione della percezione dello sforzo e miglioramento dell’aderenza all’attività fisica in soggetti sedentari. Inoltre, da un punto di vista fisiologico, a causa di una riduzione relativa al tempo totale di allenamento ed alla percentuale di tempo di allenamento completato, non abbiamo dimostrato alcun miglioramento del fitness aerobico. Dall’altro lato, l’aderenza all’esercizio relativa al gruppo placebo è risultata essere significativamente differente rispetto al gruppo caffeina.
Study I Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is a negative determinant of physical activity. This conscious sensation is related to the intensity of the performed task. It is well known that high-intensity exercise is associated to a lower rate of adherence when compared to a moderate intensity regimen. Caffeine is one of the most widely used drugs in the world. Furthermore, it has been well established that it can enhances performance in athletes either by a higher power production. The effect of caffeine on RPE in unfit people is poorly understood and controversial. It has been suggested that RPE could be not affected by caffeine in this population during a sub-maximal aerobic exercise. The aim of this study was to establish whether caffeine affects RPE in sedentary healthy subjects during a sub-maximal aerobic exercise. A secondary aim was to determine the effects of caffeine on cardiovascular and physiological variables. 16 healthy subjects were involved in the study. In this randomised cross-over study participants visited the laboratory four times. After a VO2MAX determination each subject was asked to perform a sub-maximal aerobic simulation taking in a randomised order 400,200mg and placebo. There was a significant treatment x workload interaction of caffeine on RPE(p<0.05,p=0.006). Pairwises comparisons indicated that a dosage of 200 mg(M=15.66,SD=1.69)(p<0.05,p=0.014) and 400mg (M=15.47,SD=1.26)(p<0.05,p=0.000) of caffeine were significantly different in reducing RPE compared to placebo (M=16.94,SD=1.94). No significant differences were found between the 200,400mg of caffeine(p=1.000). No significant treatment x workload interaction was found on VO2(p=0.480). There was a significant main effect of workload on VO2 on the three different conditions(p<0.05,p=0.000). No treatment x workload interaction on VCO2(p=0.408). Significant main effect of workload(p<0.05,p=0.000) was found. No treatment x workload interaction on VE(p=0.388). Significant main effect of workload(p<0.05,p=0.000) was found. No treatment x workload interaction on HR(p=0.548). Significant main effect of workload (p<0.05,p=0.000) was found. No treatment x workload interaction on La(p=0.390). Significant main effect of workload (p<0.05,p=0.045). No treatment x workload interaction on RPM(p=0.659). A significant main effect of workload(p<0.05,p=0.004) was found. No significant treatment x workload interaction on SV(p=0.284). A significant main effect of workload(p<0.05,p=0.049) was found. No significant treatment x workload interaction on CO(p=0.285). A significant main effect of workload (p<0.05,p=0.001) was found. No significant treatment x workload interaction on SBP (p=0.538) A significant main effect of workload(p<0.05,p=0.001) was found. No significant treatment x workload interaction on DBP(p=0.972). There was not any significant main effect of workload(p= .194). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that 200 mg of caffeine taken on a chewing-gum based pill 15 minutes before a sub-maximal aerobic exercise were able to reduce RPE in sedentary individuals. STUDY II: It is well known that physical activity improves physical fitness and several health outcomes whether performed on a regular basis, at the right intensity, duration and frequency. As reviewed by Dishman physical activity behaviour is determined by several factors. Previous studies on exercise adherence have been focused on psychological and behavioural interventions in order to improve this behaviour. To date, there are just few studies that used nutritional strategies in order to improve exercise adherence. The aim of the study was to implement in a randomized controlled trial a 3 times per week for 12 weeks aerobic training in order to test the hypothesis that 200 mg of caffeine assumed before each training session could increase the adherence to a vigorous aerobic training program. After randomization, subjects performed a VO2 MAX in order to define the PPO [W] and training intensities for the first 6 weeks of training. Same procedures for the mid-test and post-test. Was also asked to each subject to perform a baseline mid and post-test assessment of IPAQ, EMI-2 and BRUMS questionnaires in order to detect any difference on the general level of physical activity during daily activities and on mood and motivation. Adherence parameters were measured at 6 and 12 weeks of training in order to detect differences between caffeine and placebo group. Subjects visited the gym 3 times/week for 12 weeks. Results: Attendance to the exercise program were significantly different on the weeks 1 to 6 [CAF(12.92±3.75)PLAC(15.92± 2.54)t(23)=-2.99,p=0.030],6 to 12 [CAF(4.00±5.34) PLAC(8.67 ± 5.34) t(23) =-4.67,p= 0.040] and all the 12 weeks of training [CAF(16.92 ± 7.98)PLAC(24.58±6.49)t(23)=-7.66,p=0.040].The mean percentage of time completed was significantly different on the weeks 1 to 6 [CAF(68.01±19.46)PLAC(85.50±14.19) t(23) =-17.49,p=0. 018] and from week 1 to 12 [CAF(47.01 ± 22.18)PLAC(68.29 ± 18.02) t(23) = -21.28, p = 0.015]. The comparison of mean total time performed for each training was found significantly different at session 12,15,17,21,22,33,35(P<0,05). Results on BRUMS questionnaire did not reveal any significant treatment x time interaction between caf_pre and plac_pre compared to caf_post and plac_post on ANGER(p=0.700), CONFUSION(p= 0.976),DEPRESSION(p=0.807),FATIGUE(p=0.700),TENSION(p=0.582) and VIGOUR(p =0.867). Furthermore, there was not found any main effect of time for each tested variable (P>0,05). The EMI2 results did not show any interaction between the pre–post test comparisons between caf and plac groups on AFFILIATION(p = 0.370),APPEARANCE(p =0.685),ENJOYMENT(p = 0.643),HEALTHPRESSURE(p = 0.855),HILLHEALTH AVOIDANCE(p=0.394),NIMBLENESS(p=0.597),POSITIVEHEALTH(p=0.227), REVITALISATION(p=0.324),SOCIALRECOGNITION(p=0.364),STRENGTHENDURANCE(p=0.696)and WEIGHTMANAGEMENT(p=0.929). A significant main effect of time was found on AFFILIATION,POSITIVEHEALTH (P<0.05), whilst for all the other EMI-2 tested variables was not found any main effect of time (P >0.05). PACES scale results did not show any significant interaction between caf and plac on PACESSCALESCORING(p=0.794). No main effect of time (p= 0.095). The IPAQ results presented a significant treatment x workload interaction on the pre-post comparisons between caf and plac on IPAQHIGHINTENSITYDAYS (p< 0.05,p= 0.028),IPAQHIGHINTENSITYMINUTES(P<0.05,p=0.014). On the other hand, all the other parameters, like IPAQMODERATEINTENSITYDAYS(p=0.374),IPAQ MODERATEINTENSITYMINUTES(p=0.594),IPAQWALKINGDAYS(p=0.647),IPAQ WALKINGMINUTES(p=0.898) and IPAQSEATEDMINUTES(p=0.898) did not present any significant interaction (P>0.05). Main effect of time was found significantly different for IPAQHIGHINTENSITYDAYS,IPAQHIGHINTENSITYMINUTES (P<0.05) PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS: The pre-post test analysis of the PPO did not show a significant treatment x workload interaction between caf and plac (p = 0.683). Significant main effect of time (P<0.05)(p = 0.003). ANOVAs performed on VO2 PEAK and HR pre-post test did not reveal a significant treatment x workload interaction (VO2 PEAK (p = 0.462), HR (p = 0.856)). Significant main effect of time for HR (p< 0.05, p = 0.001). The data analysis of RPE pre-post test comparing caf and plac groups, did not reveal a significant difference accounted for the effort perceived during each training sessions (p = 0.487). Significant main effect of time(p< 0.05,p=0.001). All the data are presented by mean±SD. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that there is not any effect of caffeine on perception of effort and adherence improvement in sedentary subjects. From a physiological point of view, due to a reduction in total time of training and percentage of total training completed we do not have demonstrated an improvement in aerobic fitness. On the other hand, adherence for the placebo group was significantly different compared to caffeine.
A PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO IMPROVE EXERCISE ADHERENCE
AZZALIN, Andrea
2014-01-01
Abstract
Study I Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is a negative determinant of physical activity. This conscious sensation is related to the intensity of the performed task. It is well known that high-intensity exercise is associated to a lower rate of adherence when compared to a moderate intensity regimen. Caffeine is one of the most widely used drugs in the world. Furthermore, it has been well established that it can enhances performance in athletes either by a higher power production. The effect of caffeine on RPE in unfit people is poorly understood and controversial. It has been suggested that RPE could be not affected by caffeine in this population during a sub-maximal aerobic exercise. The aim of this study was to establish whether caffeine affects RPE in sedentary healthy subjects during a sub-maximal aerobic exercise. A secondary aim was to determine the effects of caffeine on cardiovascular and physiological variables. 16 healthy subjects were involved in the study. In this randomised cross-over study participants visited the laboratory four times. After a VO2MAX determination each subject was asked to perform a sub-maximal aerobic simulation taking in a randomised order 400,200mg and placebo. There was a significant treatment x workload interaction of caffeine on RPE(p<0.05,p=0.006). Pairwises comparisons indicated that a dosage of 200 mg(M=15.66,SD=1.69)(p<0.05,p=0.014) and 400mg (M=15.47,SD=1.26)(p<0.05,p=0.000) of caffeine were significantly different in reducing RPE compared to placebo (M=16.94,SD=1.94). No significant differences were found between the 200,400mg of caffeine(p=1.000). No significant treatment x workload interaction was found on VO2(p=0.480). There was a significant main effect of workload on VO2 on the three different conditions(p<0.05,p=0.000). No treatment x workload interaction on VCO2(p=0.408). Significant main effect of workload(p<0.05,p=0.000) was found. No treatment x workload interaction on VE(p=0.388). Significant main effect of workload(p<0.05,p=0.000) was found. No treatment x workload interaction on HR(p=0.548). Significant main effect of workload (p<0.05,p=0.000) was found. No treatment x workload interaction on La(p=0.390). Significant main effect of workload (p<0.05,p=0.045). No treatment x workload interaction on RPM(p=0.659). A significant main effect of workload(p<0.05,p=0.004) was found. No significant treatment x workload interaction on SV(p=0.284). A significant main effect of workload(p<0.05,p=0.049) was found. No significant treatment x workload interaction on CO(p=0.285). A significant main effect of workload (p<0.05,p=0.001) was found. No significant treatment x workload interaction on SBP (p=0.538) A significant main effect of workload(p<0.05,p=0.001) was found. No significant treatment x workload interaction on DBP(p=0.972). There was not any significant main effect of workload(p= .194). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that 200 mg of caffeine taken on a chewing-gum based pill 15 minutes before a sub-maximal aerobic exercise were able to reduce RPE in sedentary individuals. STUDY II: It is well known that physical activity improves physical fitness and several health outcomes whether performed on a regular basis, at the right intensity, duration and frequency. As reviewed by Dishman physical activity behaviour is determined by several factors. Previous studies on exercise adherence have been focused on psychological and behavioural interventions in order to improve this behaviour. To date, there are just few studies that used nutritional strategies in order to improve exercise adherence. The aim of the study was to implement in a randomized controlled trial a 3 times per week for 12 weeks aerobic training in order to test the hypothesis that 200 mg of caffeine assumed before each training session could increase the adherence to a vigorous aerobic training program. After randomization, subjects performed a VO2 MAX in order to define the PPO [W] and training intensities for the first 6 weeks of training. Same procedures for the mid-test and post-test. Was also asked to each subject to perform a baseline mid and post-test assessment of IPAQ, EMI-2 and BRUMS questionnaires in order to detect any difference on the general level of physical activity during daily activities and on mood and motivation. Adherence parameters were measured at 6 and 12 weeks of training in order to detect differences between caffeine and placebo group. Subjects visited the gym 3 times/week for 12 weeks. Results: Attendance to the exercise program were significantly different on the weeks 1 to 6 [CAF(12.92±3.75)PLAC(15.92± 2.54)t(23)=-2.99,p=0.030],6 to 12 [CAF(4.00±5.34) PLAC(8.67 ± 5.34) t(23) =-4.67,p= 0.040] and all the 12 weeks of training [CAF(16.92 ± 7.98)PLAC(24.58±6.49)t(23)=-7.66,p=0.040].The mean percentage of time completed was significantly different on the weeks 1 to 6 [CAF(68.01±19.46)PLAC(85.50±14.19) t(23) =-17.49,p=0. 018] and from week 1 to 12 [CAF(47.01 ± 22.18)PLAC(68.29 ± 18.02) t(23) = -21.28, p = 0.015]. The comparison of mean total time performed for each training was found significantly different at session 12,15,17,21,22,33,35(P<0,05). Results on BRUMS questionnaire did not reveal any significant treatment x time interaction between caf_pre and plac_pre compared to caf_post and plac_post on ANGER(p=0.700), CONFUSION(p= 0.976),DEPRESSION(p=0.807),FATIGUE(p=0.700),TENSION(p=0.582) and VIGOUR(p =0.867). Furthermore, there was not found any main effect of time for each tested variable (P>0,05). The EMI2 results did not show any interaction between the pre–post test comparisons between caf and plac groups on AFFILIATION(p = 0.370),APPEARANCE(p =0.685),ENJOYMENT(p = 0.643),HEALTHPRESSURE(p = 0.855),HILLHEALTH AVOIDANCE(p=0.394),NIMBLENESS(p=0.597),POSITIVEHEALTH(p=0.227), REVITALISATION(p=0.324),SOCIALRECOGNITION(p=0.364),STRENGTHENDURANCE(p=0.696)and WEIGHTMANAGEMENT(p=0.929). A significant main effect of time was found on AFFILIATION,POSITIVEHEALTH (P<0.05), whilst for all the other EMI-2 tested variables was not found any main effect of time (P >0.05). PACES scale results did not show any significant interaction between caf and plac on PACESSCALESCORING(p=0.794). No main effect of time (p= 0.095). The IPAQ results presented a significant treatment x workload interaction on the pre-post comparisons between caf and plac on IPAQHIGHINTENSITYDAYS (p< 0.05,p= 0.028),IPAQHIGHINTENSITYMINUTES(P<0.05,p=0.014). On the other hand, all the other parameters, like IPAQMODERATEINTENSITYDAYS(p=0.374),IPAQ MODERATEINTENSITYMINUTES(p=0.594),IPAQWALKINGDAYS(p=0.647),IPAQ WALKINGMINUTES(p=0.898) and IPAQSEATEDMINUTES(p=0.898) did not present any significant interaction (P>0.05). Main effect of time was found significantly different for IPAQHIGHINTENSITYDAYS,IPAQHIGHINTENSITYMINUTES (P<0.05) PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS: The pre-post test analysis of the PPO did not show a significant treatment x workload interaction between caf and plac (p = 0.683). Significant main effect of time (P<0.05)(p = 0.003). ANOVAs performed on VO2 PEAK and HR pre-post test did not reveal a significant treatment x workload interaction (VO2 PEAK (p = 0.462), HR (p = 0.856)). Significant main effect of time for HR (p< 0.05, p = 0.001). The data analysis of RPE pre-post test comparing caf and plac groups, did not reveal a significant difference accounted for the effort perceived during each training sessions (p = 0.487). Significant main effect of time(p< 0.05,p=0.001). All the data are presented by mean±SD. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that there is not any effect of caffeine on perception of effort and adherence improvement in sedentary subjects. From a physiological point of view, due to a reduction in total time of training and percentage of total training completed we do not have demonstrated an improvement in aerobic fitness. On the other hand, adherence for the placebo group was significantly different compared to caffeine.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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