Evidenze convergenti da studi di neuroimaging funzionale e con metodiche neurofisiologiche indicano pattern distinti ed alterazioni a lungo termine nell'attivazione di aree cerebrali connesse al dolore, la cosiddetta pain matrix, nelle condizioni di dolore cronico. Queste aree includono la corteccia prefrontale dorsolaterale (dlPFC), dove gli studi morfometrici di risonanza magnetica hanno mostrato una riduzione della materia grigia nei pazienti con dolore cronico. Nonostante questi dati, la correlazione tra dolore cronico e funzioni cognitive, in particolare le funzioni esecutive (FE), è scarsamente stato esplorato. Gli obiettivi di questo studio sono: 1) esplorare le FE meta-cognitive in pazienti con mal di schiena cronico e in un gruppo di controlli con una batteria di test neuropsicologici; 2) esplorare le FE emotivo-motivazionali in soggetti con mal di schiena cronico e controlli utilizzando Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) , al fine di esaminare l’impatto che il dolore cronico può imporre sul processo decisionale; 3) esplorare i correlati neurofisiologici sottostanti le FE emotivo-motivazionali con la registrazione di ERPs durante l'esecuzione dell’IGT, al fine di comprendere i meccanismi alla base dell'elaborazione del feedback ed i processi di apprendimento nei soggetti con mal di schiena cronico. Abbiamo valutato 24 pazienti con mal di schiena cronico e 24 volontari sani appaiati con i pazienti per età, sesso e livello di istruzione. Le FE sono state esplorate con una batteria di test neuropsicologici (Iowa Gambling Task IGT, Trail Making Test, Stroop Test, Modified Card Sorting Test MCST, Digit Span avanti e indietro, Memory Interference Test). Gli ERPs sono stati registrati durante l’IGT in un sottogruppo di pazienti e controlli. Abbiamo riscontrato differenze significative tra i due gruppi nel numero di categorie trovate al MCST, che sono più basse nei pazienti rispetto ai controlli e nel numero di errori perseverativi al MCST che sono significativamente più alti nei pazienti. L’analisi dei dati IGT ha mostrato una compromissione sia della quantità totale di denaro vinto che nella strategia di apprendimento. L’analisi degli ERPs evidenzia un pattern differente delle risposte durante l' IGT. L’ampiezza della Feedback Related Negativity (FRN) è risultata superiore per i feedback positivi rispetto ai negativi nei controlli, mentre il pattern opposto si è presentato nei pazienti. L'ampiezza della P300 è superiore per il feedback positivo rispetto al negativo nei controlli, mentre questa differenza era assente nei pazienti, risultando 'ampiezza nei pazienti molto elevata per entrambi i tipi di feedback . Questi risultati indicano che il dolore cronico è associato ad un deficit di elaborazione del feedback, sia per le componenti meta-cognitive che emotivo-motivazionali delle FE. Queste anomalie potrebbero influenzare negativamente la funzionalità cognitiva nelle attività della vita quotidiana.
Converging functional neuroimaging and neurophysiological evidence indicates distinct patterns and long-term changes in the activation of pain-related brain areas, i.e. the so-called pain matrix, in chronic pain. These areas include prefrontal cortices, in particular the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), where MRI morphometric studies showed decreased gray matter in chronic pain patients. Despite these data, the correlation between chronic pain and cognitive functions, in particular executive functions (EFs), has scantily been explored. The aims of this study are 1) to explore meta-cognitive EFs in chronic LBP and controls with a battery of neuropsychological tests; 2) to explore the emotional-motivational EFs in chronic LBP and controls using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in order to examine the costs that chronic pain may impose on emotional decision making; 3) to explore the neural correlates of emotional-motivational EFs mechanisms with ERPs during the IGT in order to better understand the mechanisms underlying feedback elaboration and subsequent learning processes in chronic LBP. We collected 24 patients with chronic LBP and 24 normal volunteers matched with the patients for age, sex and educational level. Changes in executive functions have been explored with a battery of neuropsychological tests (Iowa Gambling Task, Trail Making Test, Stroop Test, Modified Card Sorting Test, Digit Span Forward and Backward, Memory Interference Test). ERPs have been recorded during IGT in a subgroup of patients and controls. We found significant differences between the two groups in the MCST right categories, which were significantly lower in patients vs. controls and in MCST perseverative errors that were significantly higher in patients vs. controls. IGT data showed an impairment of both the total amount of money and the learning strategy. ERPs findings suggest a differential behavior of brain responses during IGT. The feedback related negativity (FRN) amplitude was higher to positive than negative feedback in controls, while the opposite happened in patients. The P300 amplitude was higher to positive than negative feedback in control, while this difference was absent in patients, being the P300 amplitude similarly high for both types of feedback. Our evidence indicates that chronic pain is associated with a deficit in feedback processing both for meta-cognitive and emotional-motivational components of EFs. These abnormalities may negatively influence everyday behavior.
EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN: A BEHAVIORAL AND EVOKED RELATED POTENTIAL STUDY
Maier, Alice
2014-01-01
Abstract
Converging functional neuroimaging and neurophysiological evidence indicates distinct patterns and long-term changes in the activation of pain-related brain areas, i.e. the so-called pain matrix, in chronic pain. These areas include prefrontal cortices, in particular the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), where MRI morphometric studies showed decreased gray matter in chronic pain patients. Despite these data, the correlation between chronic pain and cognitive functions, in particular executive functions (EFs), has scantily been explored. The aims of this study are 1) to explore meta-cognitive EFs in chronic LBP and controls with a battery of neuropsychological tests; 2) to explore the emotional-motivational EFs in chronic LBP and controls using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in order to examine the costs that chronic pain may impose on emotional decision making; 3) to explore the neural correlates of emotional-motivational EFs mechanisms with ERPs during the IGT in order to better understand the mechanisms underlying feedback elaboration and subsequent learning processes in chronic LBP. We collected 24 patients with chronic LBP and 24 normal volunteers matched with the patients for age, sex and educational level. Changes in executive functions have been explored with a battery of neuropsychological tests (Iowa Gambling Task, Trail Making Test, Stroop Test, Modified Card Sorting Test, Digit Span Forward and Backward, Memory Interference Test). ERPs have been recorded during IGT in a subgroup of patients and controls. We found significant differences between the two groups in the MCST right categories, which were significantly lower in patients vs. controls and in MCST perseverative errors that were significantly higher in patients vs. controls. IGT data showed an impairment of both the total amount of money and the learning strategy. ERPs findings suggest a differential behavior of brain responses during IGT. The feedback related negativity (FRN) amplitude was higher to positive than negative feedback in controls, while the opposite happened in patients. The P300 amplitude was higher to positive than negative feedback in control, while this difference was absent in patients, being the P300 amplitude similarly high for both types of feedback. Our evidence indicates that chronic pain is associated with a deficit in feedback processing both for meta-cognitive and emotional-motivational components of EFs. These abnormalities may negatively influence everyday behavior.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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