Le mutazioni del gene TP53, che compromettono la funzione trascrizionale di p53, si verificano in più del 50% dei tumori umani, tra cui l’adenocarcinoma pancreatico, e rendono le cellule tumorali più resistenti alle terapie convenzionali. Negli ultimi anni, molti sforzi sono stati indirizzati per identificare molecole-riattivanti la proteina p53 mutata ri-conferendole una conformazione wild-type e attiva trascrizionalmente. Nella presente tesi di Dottorato, dimostriamo che due di queste molecole, CP-31398 e RITA, possono indurre inibizione della crescita di cellule di adenocarcinoma pancreatico umano, apoptosi e autofagia attivando il legame p53/DNA e la fosforilazione di p53 (ser15), senza modificare la quantità della proteina totale. Questi effetti si verificano sia nelle linee cellulari di adenocarcinoma pancreatico p53 wild-type che nelle p53 mutate (mutp53), mentre sono molto meno pronunciati nelle normali linee cellulari primarie di fibroblasti umani. Inoltre, CP-31398 e RITA regolano l'asse SESN1- 2/AMPK/mTOR inducendo la fosforilazione di AMPK in Thr172, che ha un ruolo cruciale nella risposta autofagica. Il ruolo protettivo dell'autofagia con inibizione della crescita delle cellule da CP-31398 e RITA è supportato dall’ osservazione che l'inibitore dell’AMPK compound C o gli inibitori dell’autofagia clorochina e 3-metiladenina sensibilizzano le linee cellulari di adenocarcinoma pancreatico alla risposta apoptotica indotta dalle molecole riattivanti p53. I nostri risultati dimostrano per la prima volta il ruolo di sopravvivenza dell'autofagia indotta dalle molecole riattivanti p53 in cellule tumorali p53 mutate. Le proteine p53 mutate perdono non solo la loro funzione di soppressore tumorale, ma anche acquistano nuove proprietà oncogene note come (GOF- “gain of function”) "guadagno di funzione". Generalmente, le proteine p53 mutate sono sovra-espresse nelle cellule tumorali e promuovono le attività GOF aumentando la proliferazione delle cellule tumorali e la loro resistenza ad una varietà di farmaci chemioterapici comunemente utilizzati in pratica clinica. Con il guadagno di funzione la proteina mutp53 si comporta come fattore di trascrizione oncogenico interagendo con altri regolatori trascrizionali, come E2F1, NF-Y e VDR. Inoltre, le proteine p53 mutate possono anche interagire con proteine oncosoppressorie inibendo le loro funzioni. Con questo lavoro dimostriamo che la gemcitabina (GEM), chemioterapico standard, attiva fortemente mutp53 stimolando la sua fosforilazione (Ser15) e la traslocazione nucleare. Questi eventi provocano l’attivazione della GOF in cellule tumorali p53 mutate, come evidenziato dalla stimolazione del ciclo cellulare promossa dai geni, come Cdk1 e CCNB1, dopo il trattamento con GEM. Inoltre, abbiamo dimostrato che il silenziamento di mutp53 aumenta la sensibilità delle cellule tumorali a GEM e che l'aggiunta di CP-31398 o RITA al trattamento con GEM può sinergicamente indurre apoptosi in linee cellulari di adenocarcinoma pancreatico sia p53 wt che p53 mutate, e che questi effetti non sono presenti in cellule tumorali che non esprimono il gene per p53. Questa combinazione di composti induce fortemente la fosforilazione di p53 in Ser15 (senza modificare la concentrazione totale di p53), l'apoptosi, e la formazione dell'autofagosoma. Inoltre, abbiamo dimostrato che l'autofagia provocata da GEM/CP-31398 ha un ruolo protettivo per le cellule tumorali. Infatti, l'aggiunta del inibitori dell’autofagia, clorochina o 3-metiladenina, aumenta l'apoptosi indotta dal trattamento GEM/CP-31398. I nostri risultati supportano lo sviluppo di una strategia antitumorale basata sull'inibizione autofagia associata al trattamento combinato di molecole riattivanti p53 con la chemioterapia tradizionale, nell’adenocarcinoma pancreatico sia con p53wt che con p53 mutato.
TP53 gene mutations compromising p53 transcriptional function occur in more than 50% of human cancers, including pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and render cancer cells more resistant to conventional therapy. In the last few years, many efforts have been addressed to identify p53-reactivating molecules able to restore the wild-type transcriptionally competent conformation of the mutated proteins. In the present thesis, we show that two of these compounds, CP-31398 and RITA, can induce cell growth inhibition, apoptosis, and autophagy by activating p53/DNA binding and p53 phosphorylation (Ser15), without affecting the total amount of p53. These effects occur in both wild-type and mutant p53 (mutp53) pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines, whereas they are much less pronounced in normal human primary fibroblasts. Furthermore, CP-31398 and RITA regulate the axis SESN1- 2/AMPK/mTOR by inducing AMPK phosphorylation in Thr172, which has a crucial role in the autophagic response. The protective role of autophagy in cell growth inhibition by CP-31398 and RITA is supported by the finding that the AMPK inhibitor compound C or the autophagy inhibitors chloroquine or 3-methyladenine sensitize pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines to the apoptotic response induced by p53-reactivating molecules. Our results demonstrate for the first time a survival role for autophagy induced by p53 reactivating molecules in p53 mutant cancer cells. Mutp53 proteins not only lose their tumor suppressive function but also gain new oncogenic properties known as “gain-of-function” (GOF). Generally, mutp53 proteins are over-expressed in cancer cells and promote GOF activities enhancing the proliferation of cells and their resistance to a variety of chemotherapeutic drugs commonly used in the clinical practice. GOF activities are carried out because mutp53 proteins behave as oncogenic transcription factors by interacting with other transcriptional regulators, such as E2F1, NF-Y and VDR. Moreover, these p53 mutant proteins can also interact with oncosuppressor proteins inhibiting their function. Here, we show that the standard drug gemcitabine (GEM) strongly activates mutp53 by stimulating both its phosphorylation (Ser15) and nuclear translocation. These events result in the stimulation of mutp53 GOF in cancer cells bearing mutant p53, as revealed by the stimulation of cell cycle promoting genes, as Cdk1 and CCNB1, after GEM treatment. Furthermore, we demonstrate that silencing of mutp53 strongly increases sensitivity of cancer cells to GEM and that the addition of CP-31398 or RITA to GEM treatment can synergistically induce apoptotic cell death in both wt and mutant p53 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines, whereas these effects are missing in p53-null cancer cells. This drug combination strongly induces p53 phosphorylation in Ser15 (without affecting the total amount of p53), apoptosis, and autophagosome formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that autophagy stimulation by GEM/CP-31398 has a protective role for cancer cells. In fact, the addition of the autophagy inhibitors, chloroquine or 3-methyladenine, increases apoptosis induced by GEM/CP-31398 treatment. Our results support the development of an anti-tumoral strategy based on autophagy inhibition associated to the combined treatment of p53-reactivating molecules with standard chemotherapy, for both wild-type and mutant p53 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell types.
“Molecular mechanisms induced by p53 reactivating molecules in p53 mutant pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines”
Fiorini, Claudia
2014-01-01
Abstract
TP53 gene mutations compromising p53 transcriptional function occur in more than 50% of human cancers, including pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and render cancer cells more resistant to conventional therapy. In the last few years, many efforts have been addressed to identify p53-reactivating molecules able to restore the wild-type transcriptionally competent conformation of the mutated proteins. In the present thesis, we show that two of these compounds, CP-31398 and RITA, can induce cell growth inhibition, apoptosis, and autophagy by activating p53/DNA binding and p53 phosphorylation (Ser15), without affecting the total amount of p53. These effects occur in both wild-type and mutant p53 (mutp53) pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines, whereas they are much less pronounced in normal human primary fibroblasts. Furthermore, CP-31398 and RITA regulate the axis SESN1- 2/AMPK/mTOR by inducing AMPK phosphorylation in Thr172, which has a crucial role in the autophagic response. The protective role of autophagy in cell growth inhibition by CP-31398 and RITA is supported by the finding that the AMPK inhibitor compound C or the autophagy inhibitors chloroquine or 3-methyladenine sensitize pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines to the apoptotic response induced by p53-reactivating molecules. Our results demonstrate for the first time a survival role for autophagy induced by p53 reactivating molecules in p53 mutant cancer cells. Mutp53 proteins not only lose their tumor suppressive function but also gain new oncogenic properties known as “gain-of-function” (GOF). Generally, mutp53 proteins are over-expressed in cancer cells and promote GOF activities enhancing the proliferation of cells and their resistance to a variety of chemotherapeutic drugs commonly used in the clinical practice. GOF activities are carried out because mutp53 proteins behave as oncogenic transcription factors by interacting with other transcriptional regulators, such as E2F1, NF-Y and VDR. Moreover, these p53 mutant proteins can also interact with oncosuppressor proteins inhibiting their function. Here, we show that the standard drug gemcitabine (GEM) strongly activates mutp53 by stimulating both its phosphorylation (Ser15) and nuclear translocation. These events result in the stimulation of mutp53 GOF in cancer cells bearing mutant p53, as revealed by the stimulation of cell cycle promoting genes, as Cdk1 and CCNB1, after GEM treatment. Furthermore, we demonstrate that silencing of mutp53 strongly increases sensitivity of cancer cells to GEM and that the addition of CP-31398 or RITA to GEM treatment can synergistically induce apoptotic cell death in both wt and mutant p53 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines, whereas these effects are missing in p53-null cancer cells. This drug combination strongly induces p53 phosphorylation in Ser15 (without affecting the total amount of p53), apoptosis, and autophagosome formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that autophagy stimulation by GEM/CP-31398 has a protective role for cancer cells. In fact, the addition of the autophagy inhibitors, chloroquine or 3-methyladenine, increases apoptosis induced by GEM/CP-31398 treatment. Our results support the development of an anti-tumoral strategy based on autophagy inhibition associated to the combined treatment of p53-reactivating molecules with standard chemotherapy, for both wild-type and mutant p53 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell types.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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