Premesse. Con ridotta flessibilità metabolica si indica la ridotta capacità dell’organismo di modificare la tipologia dei substrati utilizzati sulla base delle esigenze e delle condizioni del momento, ad esempio passando da una prevalente ossidazione di lipidi in condizioni di bassi livelli di insulina ad una prevalente ossidazione di glucosio in condizioni di livelli di insulina elevati. Questa alterazione nella plasticità metabolica è spesso associata a insulinoresistenza. Tale fenomeno può potenzialmente portare a disfunzione d'organo ed è considerato un aspetto fondamentale tra le anomalie della sindrome metabolica. Non è ancora noto se tale fenomeno si verifichi nelle donne affette da sindrome dell'ovaio policistico (PCOS), condizione che è spesso caratterizzata da insulinoresistenza. Le donne con PCOS possono inoltre avere una ridotta fitness cardiorespiratoria, fenomeno anch’esso associato all’insulinoresistenza. Anche la flessibilità metabolica in risposta a un esercizio di intensità progressivamente crescente non è ancora stata indagata nelle donne affette da PCOS. Obiettivo. Scopo dello studio è stato quello di valutare se nelle donne affette da PCOS vi siano o meno alterazione della flessibilità metabolica, e qualora presenti, quali fattori siano ad essa associati. Abbiamo utilizzato a questo proposito due diversi modelli sperimentali: - Studio A: clamp euglicemico iperinsulinemico - Studio B. test incrementale al cicloergometro Soggetti e disegno sperimentale. - Studio A: 89 donne con sindrome dell'ovaio policistico sono state sottoposte a clamp euglicemico iperinsulinemico (velocità di infusione insulinica 80 mU/m2 • min). Mediante calorimetria indiretta sono state analizzate le modificazioni nei rapporti dei gas respiratori, nelle condizioni basali e durante iperinsulinemia, per quantificare il metabolismo ossidativo dei substrati. La flessibilità metabolica è stata valutata attraverso le modificazioni del quoziente respiratorio dopo stimolazione con insulina. - Studio B: 14 donne normopeso sedentarie con PCOS e 14 controlli sani sedentari di pari età e BMI sono state sottoposte a un test da sforzo incrementale su cicloergometro, con misura respiro per respiro di consumo di ossigeno e produzione di anidride carbonica. A una fase di riscaldamento, seguiva un incremento a rampa della potenza di 15 Watt al minuto fino all’esaurimento. In tutti i test la frequenza cardiaca massima raggiunta era superiore al 95% di quella predetta in base all’età e il quoziente respiratorio era superiore a 1.10. In entrambi gli studi il testosterone totale è stato dosato mediante cromatografia liquida/spettrometria di massa e il testosterone libero mediante dialisi all'equilibrio. Setting: pazienti ambulatoriali in un centro accademico di terzo livello. Risultati. - Studio A: Sessantotto delle 89 donne PCOS (76%) erano insulinoresistenti, e 62 (70%) avevano una ridotta flessibilità metabolica durante il clamp. Nel confronto tra donne iperandrogenemiche e normoandrogenemiche si osservava che i due sottogruppi differivano per numerose caratteristiche metaboliche e antropometriche. In particolare le donne iperandrogenemiche avevano un più elevato BMI (32.9 ± 1.0 vs 24.7 ± 0.9 kg/m2, p <0,001) mentre la sensibilità insulinica (9,2 ± 0,4 vs 10,9 ± 0,7 mg / kg di massa magra • min, p<0,023) e la flessibilità metabolica (0,09 ± 0,06 vs 0,12 ± 0,01, p<0,014) erano ridotte rispetto alle donne normoandrogenemiche. All'analisi multivariata, la flessibilità metabolica in risposta allo stimolo insulinico era associata direttamente con il quoziente respiratorio basale e la sensibilità all'insulina e inversamente con il testosterone libero e con i livelli degli acidi grassi liberi durante clamp (R2 = 0,634, p<0,001). - Studio B: La sensibilità all'insulina è risultata simile nelle donne con PCOS e nei controlli. Sia la VO2 di picco che la potenza espressa nel test ergometrico massimale sono risultate significativamente ridotte nelle donne con PCOS. All’analisi multivariata, il testosterone libero è risultato l’unico predittore indipendente della fitness cardiorespiratoria. Inoltre, l’incremento del quoziente respiratorio, nel passaggio dall’esercizio di intensità lieve a quello di intensità moderata, tendeva a essere minore nelle donne con PCOS (p=0.060) Conclusioni. La ridotta flessibilità metabolica in risposta all’ iperinsulinemia è una caratteristica delle donne con PCOS. Sia la resistenza all'insulina che l’eccesso di androgeni potrebbero contribuire a tale anomalia. Ulteriori studi sono necessari per stabilire se queste donne mostrino un’alterata flessibilità metabolica anche durante esercizio fisico.
Context: Metabolic inflexibility is the impaired ability of the body to adjust fuel oxidation to fuel availability. It allows the body to switch from predominant lipid oxidation during fasting conditions to predominant glucose oxidation during insulin-stimulated conditions. This alteration in metabolic plasticity is associated with insulin resistance. Metabolic inflexibility can potentially lead to organ dysfunction and is considered a key issue among the abnormalities of the metabolic syndrome. It is still unknown whether this phenomenon occurs in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a condition which is frequently characterized by insulin resistance. Women with PCOS may also have reduced cardiorespiratory fitness, which is linked to insulin resistance. The metabolic flexibility in response to graded exercise intensity has not been explored in PCOS women. Objective: Our objective was to examine whether metabolic inflexibility is a feature of PCOS women, and which features may possibly contribute to this phenomenon. In this regard, we used two different models: - Study A: hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp - Study B: cycle ergometer exercise test Patients and Design - Study A: Eighty-nine Caucasian women with PCOS were submitted to hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (insulin infusion rate 80 mU/m2 min). Respiratory exchange ratios were evaluated at baseline and during hyperinsulinemia by indirect calorimetry, to quantify substrate oxidative metabolism. Metabolic flexibility was assessed by the change in respiratory quotient upon insulin stimulation. - Study B: Fourteen sedentary lean women with PCOS and 14 sedentary age- and BMI-matched healthy controls were submitted to a maximal incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test, with breath-by-breath analysis of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. After a warm-up period, 15-W increments were applied each minute up to voluntary exhaustion. In both studies total testosterone was measured by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and free testosterone by equilibrium dialysis. Setting: Outpatients in a tertiary care academic center. Results - Study A: Sixty-eight of the 89 PCOS women (76%) were insulin resistant, and 62 (70%) showed an impaired metabolic flexibility during the clamp. Comparison of hyperandrogenemic and normoandrogenemic women showed that the two subgroups differed in terms of several anthropometric and metabolic features. In particular, hyperandrogenemic women had greater body mass index (32.9±1.0 vs 24.7±0.9 kg/m2, P<0.001) and lower glucose utilization during the clamp (9.2±0.4 vs 10.9±0.7 mg/kg fat-free mass • min, P<0.023) and metabolic flexibility (0.09±0.06 vs 0.12±0.01, P<0.014). In multivariate analysis, metabolic flexibility was directly associated with baseline respiratory quotient and insulin sensitivity and inversely with free testosterone and free fatty acid concentrations under insulin suppression (R2=0.634, P<0.001). - Study B: Insulin sensitivity was similar in PCOS subjects and controls. VO2peak and maximal workload were significantly reduced in PCOS women. In multivariate models, VO2peak was independently predicted by serum free testosterone levels. The difference between groups in the increase in respiratory quotient during the incremental exercise test was of borderline significance (p=0.060). Conclusions: Metabolic inflexibility in response to hyperinsulinemia is a feature of PCOS women. Both insulin resistance and androgen excess might contribute to this abnormality. Further research is required to establish whether these women also show metabolic inflexibility during exercise.
La flessibilità metabolica nelle donne affette da sindrome dell'ovaio policistico
DI SARRA, Daniela
2014-01-01
Abstract
Context: Metabolic inflexibility is the impaired ability of the body to adjust fuel oxidation to fuel availability. It allows the body to switch from predominant lipid oxidation during fasting conditions to predominant glucose oxidation during insulin-stimulated conditions. This alteration in metabolic plasticity is associated with insulin resistance. Metabolic inflexibility can potentially lead to organ dysfunction and is considered a key issue among the abnormalities of the metabolic syndrome. It is still unknown whether this phenomenon occurs in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a condition which is frequently characterized by insulin resistance. Women with PCOS may also have reduced cardiorespiratory fitness, which is linked to insulin resistance. The metabolic flexibility in response to graded exercise intensity has not been explored in PCOS women. Objective: Our objective was to examine whether metabolic inflexibility is a feature of PCOS women, and which features may possibly contribute to this phenomenon. In this regard, we used two different models: - Study A: hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp - Study B: cycle ergometer exercise test Patients and Design - Study A: Eighty-nine Caucasian women with PCOS were submitted to hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (insulin infusion rate 80 mU/m2 min). Respiratory exchange ratios were evaluated at baseline and during hyperinsulinemia by indirect calorimetry, to quantify substrate oxidative metabolism. Metabolic flexibility was assessed by the change in respiratory quotient upon insulin stimulation. - Study B: Fourteen sedentary lean women with PCOS and 14 sedentary age- and BMI-matched healthy controls were submitted to a maximal incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test, with breath-by-breath analysis of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. After a warm-up period, 15-W increments were applied each minute up to voluntary exhaustion. In both studies total testosterone was measured by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and free testosterone by equilibrium dialysis. Setting: Outpatients in a tertiary care academic center. Results - Study A: Sixty-eight of the 89 PCOS women (76%) were insulin resistant, and 62 (70%) showed an impaired metabolic flexibility during the clamp. Comparison of hyperandrogenemic and normoandrogenemic women showed that the two subgroups differed in terms of several anthropometric and metabolic features. In particular, hyperandrogenemic women had greater body mass index (32.9±1.0 vs 24.7±0.9 kg/m2, P<0.001) and lower glucose utilization during the clamp (9.2±0.4 vs 10.9±0.7 mg/kg fat-free mass • min, P<0.023) and metabolic flexibility (0.09±0.06 vs 0.12±0.01, P<0.014). In multivariate analysis, metabolic flexibility was directly associated with baseline respiratory quotient and insulin sensitivity and inversely with free testosterone and free fatty acid concentrations under insulin suppression (R2=0.634, P<0.001). - Study B: Insulin sensitivity was similar in PCOS subjects and controls. VO2peak and maximal workload were significantly reduced in PCOS women. In multivariate models, VO2peak was independently predicted by serum free testosterone levels. The difference between groups in the increase in respiratory quotient during the incremental exercise test was of borderline significance (p=0.060). Conclusions: Metabolic inflexibility in response to hyperinsulinemia is a feature of PCOS women. Both insulin resistance and androgen excess might contribute to this abnormality. Further research is required to establish whether these women also show metabolic inflexibility during exercise.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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