Il presente studio ha come oggetto l’analisi storico-architettonica dell’antica città di Compsa (Conza della Campania, AV), e in particolar riguardo il complesso del Foro. L’intero contesto preso in esame è stato sottoposto nei secoli ad azioni di distruzione come i terremoti, tra questi si ricorda quello del 1980 che ha completamente raso al suolo l’abitato moderno mettendo in luce le strutture di età romana. L’assenza di uno studio organico ha suggerito una nuova analisi comparata delle fonti storico-letterarie con le evidenze archeologiche utili alla comprensione dell’evoluzione storica, delle fasi architettoniche e delle relazioni spaziali che intercorrono tra i vari complessi monumentali con l’urbanistica della città. La nuova rilettura delle fonti, che coprono un arco cronologico che va dal III secolo a.C. alla metà del IV secolo d.C., ha permesso di ricostruire i principali avvenimenti storici, di comprendere il significato sociale e politico della costruzione di opere pubbliche ma anche di individuare le linee di continuità e di frattura tra le varie età. Allo stato attuale delle conoscenze appariva opportuno eseguire una nuova lettura stratigrafica, per riconoscere le diverse azioni compiute dall’uomo, e un riesame generale e approfondito delle tecniche di costruzione, utili per determinare l’evoluzione diacronica e il riconoscimento degli edifici. La ricerca storica e l’analisi stratigrafica hanno permesso di individuare cinque periodi di vita dell’abitato di Compsa, ulteriormente divisi in Fasi, Gruppi di Attività e Attività. Nel Periodo I (VII-V sec. a.C.) l’insediamento è organizzato da piccoli nuclei familiari che vivevano in capanne. Nel Periodo II (IV-III sec. a.C.) si passerà gradatamente a un insediamento stabile a opera, probabilmente, dei Sanniti\Irpini. Nel periodo III (II-seconda metà I sec. a.C.) si registra un consistente sviluppo architettonico della collina avvenuto in seguito al processo di romanizzazione e urbanizzazione dell’Italia meridionale che modificò l’organizzazione del territorio ma ancor più la vita politica e lo sviluppo sociale di Compsa. Con la nascita del municipio la città verrà dotata di nuovi edifici pubblici e di rappresentanza. Sarà, quindi, costruito il complesso del Foro caratterizzato dalla presenza del Capitolium, della Basilica, di un piccolo sacello e da un portico che delineava la vera e propria piazza alla quale si accedeva da un ingresso monumentale. Nel periodo IV (fine I sec. a.C.-II sec. d.C.) si attesta un nuovo progetto urbanistico e architettonico caratterizzato dalla monumentalizzazione di alcuni edifici del Foro, dalla nuova pavimentazione in lastre della piazza, ad opera di due magistrati locali, e presumibilmente da un nuovo tempio dedicato al culto imperiale. Il resto della città sarà munito di altri edifici pubblici: l’anfiteatro e le terme, probabilmente promossi da importanti personaggi locali. Nel Periodo V (III-IV sec. d.C.) si attestano solo dei piccoli restauri che, seppur minimi, dimostrano che il Foro continuò a rivestire un ruolo importante nella vita sociale della città almeno fino alla metà del IV secolo d.C. epoca in cui la città iniziò a cambiare il suo aspetto. Ciò nonostante Compsa continuò a rivestire un’importanza territoriale e a dimostrarlo sono le successive occupazioni di età Tardo Antica e Medievale. La descrizione dei Periodi e delle relative Fasi di vita del Foro è accompagnata dagli elaborati grafici: piante di fase, piante interpretative, piante ricostruttive, prospetti ricostruiti del Foro e piante ricostruttive dell’impianto urbano.
The present study has as object the historical-architectural analysis of the old city of Compsa (AV), and in particular on buildings belonging to the Forum. The examined context has been victim of agents of destruction like earthquakes, we remember the one of the 1980’s that has completely destroyed the modern town bringing to light the Roman structures. The absence of an organic study, suggested a new comparative analysis of historical and literary sources with the archaeological evidence useful for the comprehension of the historical evolution, of the architectonical phases and of the spatial relationships that exist between the different monumental buildings with the plan urban's city. The new reading of the sources, which cover a chronological space between the 3rd century b.C. up to the middle of the 4th century a.D., allows us to rebuild the most important historical events, to understand the social and political meaning of the building of public buildings but also to highlight the continuity lines and fracture between the different ages. At the current knowledge it was necessary to make a new stratigraphic reading, to recognize the different actions made by humans and a new exam, more detailed, of the building technics, useful to determinate the diachronic evolution and the recognizing of buildings. The historic research and the stratigraphic analysis allow to identify 5 different periods of Compsa, divided in phases, activity groups and activity. In the 1st period (VII-V century b.C.) the settlement is organized in little families who lived in huts. In the 2nd period (IV-III century b.C.), the settlement gradually becomes a permanent habitation thanks probably to the Samnites / Irpini. In the 3rd period (II – second half I century b.C.) there had been a significant architectural development of the hill after the Romanization and urbanization process of south of Italy which modified the territory organization and, even more, the politic life and the social development of Compsa. With the birth of municipium, the city was provided with new public buildings and representation. Later also the whole of the Forum complex was built, characterized by the presence of the Capitolium, of the Basilica, of a little Sacellum and porticus which delineated the royal square to which was accessed through a monumental entrance. In the 4th period (end I century b.C. – II century a.D.) is certified a new urbanistic and architectural project featured by the monumentalization of some buildings of the Forum, by the square’s flooring with plates, thanks to two local magistrates, and probably a new Temple dedicated to the imperial cult. The rest of the town was equipped with other public building like the Amphitheatre and therms, probably built by important local persons. In the 5th period (III-IV century a.D.) were done just little restorations that, though few, showed that the Forum continued to be an important place in the social life of the city until the middle of the 4th century a.D., time when the town started changing its appearance. Nevertheless Compsa continued to cover a territorial relevance and it was proved by the several occupation of Late Antique age and Medieval. The periods description and of the life phases of the Forum was followed from graphical documentation: phase plants, interpretative plants, plants reconstructed, elevations reconstructed of the Forum and plants reconstructed of the city.
Compsa Romana. Sviluppo storico e architettonico
Soriano, Fiammetta
2013-01-01
Abstract
The present study has as object the historical-architectural analysis of the old city of Compsa (AV), and in particular on buildings belonging to the Forum. The examined context has been victim of agents of destruction like earthquakes, we remember the one of the 1980’s that has completely destroyed the modern town bringing to light the Roman structures. The absence of an organic study, suggested a new comparative analysis of historical and literary sources with the archaeological evidence useful for the comprehension of the historical evolution, of the architectonical phases and of the spatial relationships that exist between the different monumental buildings with the plan urban's city. The new reading of the sources, which cover a chronological space between the 3rd century b.C. up to the middle of the 4th century a.D., allows us to rebuild the most important historical events, to understand the social and political meaning of the building of public buildings but also to highlight the continuity lines and fracture between the different ages. At the current knowledge it was necessary to make a new stratigraphic reading, to recognize the different actions made by humans and a new exam, more detailed, of the building technics, useful to determinate the diachronic evolution and the recognizing of buildings. The historic research and the stratigraphic analysis allow to identify 5 different periods of Compsa, divided in phases, activity groups and activity. In the 1st period (VII-V century b.C.) the settlement is organized in little families who lived in huts. In the 2nd period (IV-III century b.C.), the settlement gradually becomes a permanent habitation thanks probably to the Samnites / Irpini. In the 3rd period (II – second half I century b.C.) there had been a significant architectural development of the hill after the Romanization and urbanization process of south of Italy which modified the territory organization and, even more, the politic life and the social development of Compsa. With the birth of municipium, the city was provided with new public buildings and representation. Later also the whole of the Forum complex was built, characterized by the presence of the Capitolium, of the Basilica, of a little Sacellum and porticus which delineated the royal square to which was accessed through a monumental entrance. In the 4th period (end I century b.C. – II century a.D.) is certified a new urbanistic and architectural project featured by the monumentalization of some buildings of the Forum, by the square’s flooring with plates, thanks to two local magistrates, and probably a new Temple dedicated to the imperial cult. The rest of the town was equipped with other public building like the Amphitheatre and therms, probably built by important local persons. In the 5th period (III-IV century a.D.) were done just little restorations that, though few, showed that the Forum continued to be an important place in the social life of the city until the middle of the 4th century a.D., time when the town started changing its appearance. Nevertheless Compsa continued to cover a territorial relevance and it was proved by the several occupation of Late Antique age and Medieval. The periods description and of the life phases of the Forum was followed from graphical documentation: phase plants, interpretative plants, plants reconstructed, elevations reconstructed of the Forum and plants reconstructed of the city.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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