Il presente studio s’intitola Strategie nobiliari: la famiglia Godi fra Vicenza e l’Europa (1480-1588): appare evidente che argomento della tesi sono le strategie di una famiglia nobiliare, i Godi, durante la prima età moderna. In particolare, si sono analizzate le loro scelte di sopravvivenza politica tra gli ultimi decenni del Quattrocento e la fine del Cinquecento, considerando quindi nel concreto i loro rapporti con le «famiglie nobili, le loro tradizioni, la loro cultura, il loro patrimonio, e infine la natura stessa del loro peso nella vita pubblica». La presente tesi ha per oggetto una serie di uomini e donne il cui denominatore comune è l’appartenenza a una stessa famiglia, i Godi, e l’arco cronologico preso in esame va dal 1480 al 1588: le date scelte sono legate ad atti della vita privata di alcuni membri della famiglia Godi, ma le stesse assunsero anche un significato per la storia più generale. Del lungo periodo di governo della Serenissima esistono molte ricerche di storia di famiglia, ma la maggior parte della storiografia ha prediletto le questioni patrimoniali o militari, e solo marginalmente ci si è occupati di una nobiltà di terraferma dedita all’esercizio del diritto e delle passioni culturali. La ricerca, limitata ad un caso ambientato nell’antica Repubblica di Venezia, si è invece concentrata su quell’insieme di relazioni nelle quali la norma giuridica è divenuto lo strumento per stabilire i legami politici. Fino alla metà del Cinquecento il diritto comune non fu per i componenti della famiglia Godi il semplice mezzo per praticare l’attività di avvocato, ma fu lo strumento peculiare per mettersi al servizio dei veneziani e aiutarli a dirimere le controversie nella terraferma. Dopo gli anni Quaranta del Cinquecento la scelta politica dei Godi cambiò a favore dell’Impero e il diritto diventò un modo per marcare la distanza politica con Venezia. L’adesione politica alle idee imperiali può forse anche spiegare il progressivo avvicinamento di larga parte dell’élite dei giuristi vicentini (famiglie Godi, Valmarana, Monza etc.) a pratiche religiose nate o sviluppate in territori spagnoli, caratterizzate da slanci di spiritualità non privi di connotazioni radicali e fervore caritativo. L’elaborato è strutturato in tre parti, nelle quali le vicende famigliari vengono ricondotte alle biografie dei suoi componenti più rappresentativi. Il primo capitolo tratta del ruolo dei giuristi a Venezia prima e dopo la guerra di Cambrai e perciò viene esposta la biografia del giureconsulto Enrico Antonio Godi (1456-1536): in esso si raccontano le peripezie politiche e professionali (egli visse in prima persona le vicende della guerra di Cambrai e il Sacco di Roma), ma anche gli accadimenti personali (come gli studi universitari) di un avvocato tra Venezia e Vicenza. Si è tentato quindi di tessere un intreccio equilibrato tra avvenimenti privati e collettivi: Enrico Antonio Godi visse gli anni della gioventù tra Vicenza e Padova, per poi formarsi professionalmente come giureconsulto a Venezia e, quindi, ritornare a Vicenza dove si impegnò a gestire il patrimonio famigliare. Erano anni in cui andavano diffondendosi le simpatie filoimperiali ma anche un clima di violenza, specie tra il 1509-1517, quando il nostro protagonista visse tristi e convulse esperienze. I suoi palazzi, sia cittadini che del contado, vennero presi di mira dai nemici, la sua famiglia fu costantemente terrorizzata dalle minacce dei soldati e lui stesso subì l’umiliazione del sequestro da parte dell’imperatore a causa della sua strenua fedeltà a Venezia. Egli rappresentò il fondatore di un nuovo casato per le ricchezze e per il ruolo di prestigio assunto dalla famiglia nella città vicentina. Nel secondo capitolo si è analizzato il tema della fedeltà esaminando le biografie dei più rappresentativi componenti della famiglia Godi nella loro ascesa professionale, che intreccia le dinamiche politiche e quelle religiose. Si è voluto così definire il ruolo di uomini di chiesa come Paolo, morto prematuramente a Roma, e della dissidente – secondo la dottrina cattolica – Elisabetta, appartenente alle Angeliche di Milano, la cui esistenza fu segnata da innumerevoli lutti e privazioni. Quest’ultima divenne l’anello di congiunzione tra i fratelli vicentini e un mondo milanese fortemente connotato dai legami con l’Impero, e quindi con la Spagna. Le relazioni dei Godi, che nella prima parte del secolo sostenevano le ideologie a favore di Venezia, dopo Elisabetta mutarono radicalmente. Si comprende così perché nel 1559 Pietro, fratello di Elisabetta, mandò in Piemonte il figlio Ludovico come paggio nella neonata corte di Emanuele Filiberto, considerato il rappresentante di Carlo V in Italia. Tuttavia le simpatie spagnole dei Godi vicentini si rivolgevano anche verso l’ordine dei gesuiti e ciò implicò la presenza presso i loro collegia esteri di tre membri della famiglia. Tra questi, alla fine degli anni Settanta, Marco e Pietro Antonio, imbevuti delle nuove idee, abbandonarono il tradizionale studio del diritto per proseguire la carriera come militari al soldo di Alessandro Farnese nelle guerre combattute nelle Fiandre. È attestato che gli stessi parteciparono anche ad un ristretto e segreto manipolo di spie che si distinsero nella mappatura di alcuni porti inglesi preposti all’arrivo delle navi spagnole dell’Invincibile Armada. Nella terza sezione sono state esaminate le peculiarità della famiglia: la sua “genealogia incredibile” e i caratteri della vita domestica sottesa a scelte successorie e matrimoniali. Nel medesimo capitolo sono narrate le vicende di Girolamo e Orazio: il primo divenne l’emblema culturale della famiglia per i suoi contatti con gli intellettuali italiani, in particolare Pietro Bembo e Andrea Palladio. Quest’ultimo progettò per Girolamo una prestigiosa e sfarzosa villa, inserita come esempio architettonico ne I quattro libri dell’architettura. Orazio, destinato ad una carriera sfavillante, a seguito dell’adozione da parte del ricchissimo nonno materno, dilapidò in pochi mesi a causa di un processo per omicidio ben 100.000 ducati, diventando il secolare simbolo della irrequietezza della nobiltà vicentina. Orazio fu il protagonista dell’escalation della violenza cittadina, che ebbe il suo punto più alto nell’uccisione nella loro abitazione dei vicini Tommaso e Fabio Piovene. Ma il processo non sconvolse solo le finanze del casato, bensì mise in crisi il solido network clientelare che comportò il bando dello stesso Orazio.
The research examines nobility in Europe and in particular in Northern Italy during the Sixteenth century. The structure of the phD dissertation is the following: in the first part the focus is on the historiographical problem of the concept of nobility in Early Modern Age in the Republic of Venice. The central part describes the Godi politicians between Roma, Torino and Antwerp during the the Sixteenth century. My research emphasizes the social history and the international networks of the Godi family in Vicenza in the Sixteenth century. Vicenza was the eldest city of the Republic of Venice. In 1404 Vicenza gave herself to Venice spontaneously and throughout the Fifteenth century it was faithful to Venice. However, Vicenza was not the capital and during the first Italian Wars the Venetian faction waned. In the first part of the Sixteenth Century Vicenza increased so much that it had 25000 inhabitants, about one quarter of the number of inhabitants of Venice. The study of one lineage allows us to examined in depth these issues historiographical problems and address and resolve in relatively specific spheres. In addition, in the first part of the Sixteenth century, this family was in contact with Niccolò Machiavelli, Andrea Palladio and the Head of State, the Dutch (or il Doge). Members of the Godis were essentially jurists and were resident in Padua, Venice, Rome. The focus on a single family could better reveal the relationship between the nobility of the Mainland and the Republic. Historians have traditionally believe that the Godi family was an ordinary family. Nevertheless, from 1490 until 1536, the founder, Enrico Antonio Godi was the richest person in Vicenza and presumably one of the richest people in the Venetian Mainland (or Terraferma). He was a Knight, a Lawyer and one of the most eloquent orators who was celebrated all around Europe due to his eminence in law, council, prudence, wisdom and sharpness of intelligence. Employing a rhetorical mode, typical of the time, Enrico Antonio was known by the a judge and the councillors of Venice, for his excellent skills as a lawyer in Venice and for his orations which he pronounced with such gravity, fluency and vehemence and because of which he was dubbed the Second Demosthenes. His family lived on his prestige. An important episode might be quoted as an example of this reputation to Venice was in 1509 when Enrico Antonio Godi was temporarily taken prisoner due to his fidelity to Venice by Emperor Maximilian I. The fact that, during the Italian Wars, Enrico Antonio, in contrast with many of the nobles of Vicenza, remained faithful to Venice does not seem surprising owing to his public and lucrative career there. In fact it was quite useful in order to increase the prestige of the family in both cities. He set his neighbourhood against the imperial troops, but he was seized and a large ransom had to be paid for him to be released. He was the first in his family to participate in the great events of the century. In 1527 one his sons was present during the sack of Rome and another was a friend of Pietro Bembo and the patron of Andrea Palladio. His grandchildren did not share Venetian politics and fought in the court of Emanuele Filiberto in Turin. From the promoters of the Venetian party they became head of the imperial party. Venice did not support the autonomy of the nobility of Mainland although its dominance over the Mediterranean sea and its territories was in crisis. One possible reason for this phenomenon may be, rather than the opposition to Venice, is the fact that the cities needed a certain degree of autonomy to control their offices and their territory. This may be one of the reasons why the Godis went to Turin under the government of Emanuele Filiberto. In fact, after having established their name in Venice, the Godis tried to gain the trust of Emperor Charles V, but they were not invited to the Spanish court. Emanuele Filiberto was the grandson of Charles V and the Italians considered him to be under Spanish influence. After the 1560 it seemed natural that many of the Godis felt at home in Emanuele Filiberto is fledgling court. All the Godis at the court of Savoy were military and participated as volunteers in the wars in Flanders. In the same period there were more than 4000 Italian soldiers in Flanders. Simultaneously, the Godis remained the most intransigent from a religious point of view. Not only were they not heretic, but they were "knights of Catholicism". As in Piedmont, as in the Flanders, they were “the soldiers of Christ” against the Protestants. It is not surprising that from the Flanders two Godis went on a secret and suicidal mission as spies to the English and Scottish coasts. They were the vanguard of the “Invincible” Spanish Armada and they worked directly for Alessandro Farnese.
Strategie nobiliari. La famiglia Godi fra Vicenza e l'Europa (1480-1588)
SAVIO, Andrea
2013-01-01
Abstract
The research examines nobility in Europe and in particular in Northern Italy during the Sixteenth century. The structure of the phD dissertation is the following: in the first part the focus is on the historiographical problem of the concept of nobility in Early Modern Age in the Republic of Venice. The central part describes the Godi politicians between Roma, Torino and Antwerp during the the Sixteenth century. My research emphasizes the social history and the international networks of the Godi family in Vicenza in the Sixteenth century. Vicenza was the eldest city of the Republic of Venice. In 1404 Vicenza gave herself to Venice spontaneously and throughout the Fifteenth century it was faithful to Venice. However, Vicenza was not the capital and during the first Italian Wars the Venetian faction waned. In the first part of the Sixteenth Century Vicenza increased so much that it had 25000 inhabitants, about one quarter of the number of inhabitants of Venice. The study of one lineage allows us to examined in depth these issues historiographical problems and address and resolve in relatively specific spheres. In addition, in the first part of the Sixteenth century, this family was in contact with Niccolò Machiavelli, Andrea Palladio and the Head of State, the Dutch (or il Doge). Members of the Godis were essentially jurists and were resident in Padua, Venice, Rome. The focus on a single family could better reveal the relationship between the nobility of the Mainland and the Republic. Historians have traditionally believe that the Godi family was an ordinary family. Nevertheless, from 1490 until 1536, the founder, Enrico Antonio Godi was the richest person in Vicenza and presumably one of the richest people in the Venetian Mainland (or Terraferma). He was a Knight, a Lawyer and one of the most eloquent orators who was celebrated all around Europe due to his eminence in law, council, prudence, wisdom and sharpness of intelligence. Employing a rhetorical mode, typical of the time, Enrico Antonio was known by the a judge and the councillors of Venice, for his excellent skills as a lawyer in Venice and for his orations which he pronounced with such gravity, fluency and vehemence and because of which he was dubbed the Second Demosthenes. His family lived on his prestige. An important episode might be quoted as an example of this reputation to Venice was in 1509 when Enrico Antonio Godi was temporarily taken prisoner due to his fidelity to Venice by Emperor Maximilian I. The fact that, during the Italian Wars, Enrico Antonio, in contrast with many of the nobles of Vicenza, remained faithful to Venice does not seem surprising owing to his public and lucrative career there. In fact it was quite useful in order to increase the prestige of the family in both cities. He set his neighbourhood against the imperial troops, but he was seized and a large ransom had to be paid for him to be released. He was the first in his family to participate in the great events of the century. In 1527 one his sons was present during the sack of Rome and another was a friend of Pietro Bembo and the patron of Andrea Palladio. His grandchildren did not share Venetian politics and fought in the court of Emanuele Filiberto in Turin. From the promoters of the Venetian party they became head of the imperial party. Venice did not support the autonomy of the nobility of Mainland although its dominance over the Mediterranean sea and its territories was in crisis. One possible reason for this phenomenon may be, rather than the opposition to Venice, is the fact that the cities needed a certain degree of autonomy to control their offices and their territory. This may be one of the reasons why the Godis went to Turin under the government of Emanuele Filiberto. In fact, after having established their name in Venice, the Godis tried to gain the trust of Emperor Charles V, but they were not invited to the Spanish court. Emanuele Filiberto was the grandson of Charles V and the Italians considered him to be under Spanish influence. After the 1560 it seemed natural that many of the Godis felt at home in Emanuele Filiberto is fledgling court. All the Godis at the court of Savoy were military and participated as volunteers in the wars in Flanders. In the same period there were more than 4000 Italian soldiers in Flanders. Simultaneously, the Godis remained the most intransigent from a religious point of view. Not only were they not heretic, but they were "knights of Catholicism". As in Piedmont, as in the Flanders, they were “the soldiers of Christ” against the Protestants. It is not surprising that from the Flanders two Godis went on a secret and suicidal mission as spies to the English and Scottish coasts. They were the vanguard of the “Invincible” Spanish Armada and they worked directly for Alessandro Farnese.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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