La Sclerosi Sistemica (SSc) e la GVHD cronica cutanea ad espressione fibrotica (ScGVHD) sono malattie solo in minima parte comprese e che mancano di una terapia risolutiva. Sono inoltre solo apparentemente simili. Condividono l’aspetto sclerotico della cute e la patogenesi a partenza immunologica, ma differiscono soprattutto sull’interessamento del microcircolo. Il danno endoteliale è ritenuto essere uno dei primissimi eventi nella patogenesi della SSc ed è infatti nella SSc che i capillari sono danneggiati e quantitativamente molto ridotti, a differenza di quanto si osserva nella ScGVHD. Il sistema del complemento e la sua regolazione sono elementi fondamentali per l’integrità dell’endotelio ed alcune evidenze relative al suo coinvolgimento in entrambe le malattie sono ormai state raccolte. Ci si è pertanto proposti di confrontare, nella SSc e nella ScGVHD, l’espressione del complesso di attacco alla membrana (C5b-9), effettore del danno cellulare mediato dal complemento sulle cellule bersaglio e l’espressione di Membrane Cofactor Protein (MCP o CD46), una delle proteine regolatrici della cascata complementare. Ci si è inoltre proposti di ricercare in tutti i pazienti arruolati la presenza di specifici polimorfismi nel gene che regola l’espressione del MCP. Settantuno pazienti affetti da SSc, 5 da ScGVHD e 27 volontari sani sono stati arruolati presso l’Ospedale Policlinico Universitario di Verona, Italia. Sono stati raccolti siero e DNA di tutti i pazienti e volontari. I test Elisa sono stati eseguiti su 47 pazienti sclerodermici, sui 5 affetti da ScGVHD e su 18 individui sani. Le biopsie cutanee, ottenute da 8 pazienti sclerodermici e 3 affetti da ScGVHD sono state analizzate con tecniche di immunoistochimica ed immunofluorescenza per quantificare l’espressione C5b-9 e MCP sulle cellule endoteliali. Sono state confrontate con biopsie cutanee di altre malattie e di soggetti sani. L’analisi statistica è stata fatta con il software STATA 10.1. I livelli sierici di C5b-9 e MCP non differivano tra i pazienti sclerodermici, quelli affetti da ScGVHD ed i soggetti sani. L’analisi in immunofluorescenza delle biopsie cutanee, ha mostrato una marcata attivazione del complemento nelle pareti dei vasi nella ScGVHD ed una considerevole, ma meno spiccata attivazione anche nel microcircolo dei pazienti sclerodermici, mentre il complesso C5b-9 non è stato rilevato in nessun vaso dei campioni sani. L’espressione endoteliale di MCP è risultata più bassa nella SSc e nella ScGVHD, sia all’analisi immunoistochimica, sia allo studio con immunofluorescenza rispetto ai controlli sani. Infine, nella SSc le frequenze degli alleli meno comuni dei due polimorfismi (SNPs) appartenenti alla regione del promotore di MCP risultavano essere maggiori che nei controlli sani. Le stesse varianti polimorfiche non sono state osservate nella ScGVHD. In conclusione si conferma che il sistema del complemento è coinvolto nella patogenesi di entrambe le malattie. Soprattutto nella SSc il suo ruolo potrebbe essere in parte dovuto ad una ridotta espressione della proteina regolatrice MCP. Ulteriori ricerche in questo ambito sono auspicabili, anche in prospettiva dello sviluppo di alcuni farmaci inibitori del complemento, alcuni dei quali sono già in corso di sperimentazione in altre condizioni patologiche.
Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) and sclerodermatous GVHD (ScGVHD) are similar diseases, poorly understood and still lacking an effective therapy. On one hand, they share clinical features and immunological mechanisms . On the other hand they differ in the microvascular damage, that is higher in SSc than in ScGVHD. Since there are some evidences that complement system could be involved in both diseases, we evaluated complement activation (by C5b-9 expression) and the expression of a regulatory protein, Membrane Cofactor Protein (MCP or CD46), in both conditions. We also investigated some genetic polymorphisms (SNPs) in complement regulation gene cluster. Seventy one patients with diagnosis of SSc, 6 with ScGVHD and 27 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the University Hospital of Verona, Italy. Serum and DNA of all patients and volunteers were collected. Elisa was performed on 47 SSc, 5 ScGVHD patients and 18 healthy volunteers. Skin biopsies, obtained from 8 SSc and 3 ScGVHD patients, underwent immunohistochemistry analysis and immunofluorescence stainings for detecting the expression of complement Membrane Attack Complex (C5b-9) and MCP on endothelial cells. Archival skin biopsies of control diseases and normal individuals were also analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA 10.1 software. Circulating levels of C5b-9 and MCP did not differ between healthy subjects, SSc and ScGVHD patients. Immunofluoresce stainings of skin biopsies showed a pronounced complement activation in ScGVHD and a little less remarkable activation in SSc vessels, if compared with healthy volunteers. MCP was lower in SSc than in ScGVHD, both in immunohistochemistry analysis and in immunofluorescence stainings and in both diseases it was lower than in healthy controls. Finally, the minor variants of two SNPs in MCP promoter region were over-expressed in SSc patients. The same uncommon alleles were not found in ScGVHD. In conclusion we confirm that complement system is involved in the pathogenesis of both diseases. Particularly in SSc its role seems to be partially related to an impaired function of regulatory protein MCP. Further researches about these topics would be useful, since some complement inhibitor drugs are on clinical trials for different diseases and others will be probably developed in future.
The complement system in the pathogenesis of cutaneous sclerosis: comparison between Sclerodermatous GVHD and Systemic Sclerosis
RAVAGNANI, Viviana
2013-01-01
Abstract
Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) and sclerodermatous GVHD (ScGVHD) are similar diseases, poorly understood and still lacking an effective therapy. On one hand, they share clinical features and immunological mechanisms . On the other hand they differ in the microvascular damage, that is higher in SSc than in ScGVHD. Since there are some evidences that complement system could be involved in both diseases, we evaluated complement activation (by C5b-9 expression) and the expression of a regulatory protein, Membrane Cofactor Protein (MCP or CD46), in both conditions. We also investigated some genetic polymorphisms (SNPs) in complement regulation gene cluster. Seventy one patients with diagnosis of SSc, 6 with ScGVHD and 27 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the University Hospital of Verona, Italy. Serum and DNA of all patients and volunteers were collected. Elisa was performed on 47 SSc, 5 ScGVHD patients and 18 healthy volunteers. Skin biopsies, obtained from 8 SSc and 3 ScGVHD patients, underwent immunohistochemistry analysis and immunofluorescence stainings for detecting the expression of complement Membrane Attack Complex (C5b-9) and MCP on endothelial cells. Archival skin biopsies of control diseases and normal individuals were also analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA 10.1 software. Circulating levels of C5b-9 and MCP did not differ between healthy subjects, SSc and ScGVHD patients. Immunofluoresce stainings of skin biopsies showed a pronounced complement activation in ScGVHD and a little less remarkable activation in SSc vessels, if compared with healthy volunteers. MCP was lower in SSc than in ScGVHD, both in immunohistochemistry analysis and in immunofluorescence stainings and in both diseases it was lower than in healthy controls. Finally, the minor variants of two SNPs in MCP promoter region were over-expressed in SSc patients. The same uncommon alleles were not found in ScGVHD. In conclusion we confirm that complement system is involved in the pathogenesis of both diseases. Particularly in SSc its role seems to be partially related to an impaired function of regulatory protein MCP. Further researches about these topics would be useful, since some complement inhibitor drugs are on clinical trials for different diseases and others will be probably developed in future.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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