Introduzione: Lo scompenso cardiaco (SC) si definisce come una complessa condizione fisiopatologica di cronico deterioramento dei meccanismi ossidativi. In pazienti con SC cronico le concentrazioni sieriche di acido urico sono frequentemente elevate e l’iperuricemia riflette un’alterazione del metabolismo ossidativo ed iperattivazione dell’enzima xantina ossidasi (XO). Uno studio clinico recente evidenzia una forte correlazione tra acido urico e parametri ecocardiografici di disfunzione diastolica, condizione di frequente riscontro in pazienti con cardiomiopatia dilatativa e associata a prognosi peggiore. Lo SC, inoltre, rappresenta uno stato infiammatorio caratterizzato da iperproduzione di citochine pro-infiammatorie implicate nella patogenesi di alcuni aspetti tipici dello SC, quali l’edema polmonare acuto. Pregressi studi hanno evidenziato effetti benefici del trattamento con statine in fase di stabilità clinica di questa patologia. Scopo: valutare se l’inibizione della XO con allopurinolo possa influire sulle proprietà diastoliche del miocardio e sui livelli sierici di NT-proBNP in un gruppo di pazienti con SC cronico (Studio di SC cronico); valutare l’effetto del trattamento precoce con statine sul rimodellamento ventricolare sinistro e sui sintomi in un gruppo di pazienti con SC acuto (Studio di SC acuto). Metodi: (Studio di SC cronico): sono stati arruolati 53 pazienti con scompenso cardiaco secondario a cardiomiopatia dilatativa in condizioni cliniche stabili e terapia medica ottimale da almeno 3 mesi e randomizzati in doppio cieco ad allopurinolo 300 mg/die (A), o placebo (P) per 3 mesi. I pazienti sono stati sottoposti ad una valutazione clinica ed ecocardiografico completa all’inizio ed al termine del periodo di trattamento. (Studio di SC acuto): 61 pazienti con disfunzione ventricolare sinistra, ricoverati per episodio di SC acuto, sono stati randomizzati in doppio cieco ad atorvastatina 20mg/die (A), o placebo (P) per 3 mesi. Ciascun paziente è stato sottoposto a prelievo per ematochimici, valutazione clinica ed esame ecocardiografico completo all’inizio, ad una settimana ed al termine del periodo di studio. Risultati: (Studio di SC cronico): l’età media era 66±10; la classe NYHA era 2.2±0.6; i livelli sierici medi di acido urico erano 400±100mmol/L. Al termine del trimestre di trattamento i livelli sierici di NT-proBNP si sono ridotti nel gruppo A (-191±583 mmol/L, p=0.0004), con un significativo effetto terapeutico (p=0.0033), mentre non si sono modificati nel gruppo P. E’ stata riscontrata un riduzione significativa della velocità dell’onda E mitralica nel gruppo A (0.6±0.2 vs. 07±0.2 m/s, p=0.01), ma non nel gruppo P ed il rapporto E/E’ è migliorato nel gruppo A (10.7±6.7 vs. 15.1±11.8), mentre è rimasto stabile nel gruppo P, con un significativo effetto terapeutico per entrambi (p=0.01 and p=0.02 rispettivamente). (Studio di SC acuto): all’inizio dello studio le caratteristiche cliniche ed ecocardiografiche non differivano nei 2 gruppi di pazienti (età media 72±7 anni gruppo P; 68±12 anni gruppo A; Colesterolo 3.6±1 mmol/L gruppo P; 3.5±1.3 mmol/L gruppo A; FE 29±7 % gruppo P; 25±6 % gruppo A). Al follow up la classe NYHA e lo score di congestione sono migliorati in entrambi i gruppi, tuttavia maggiormente ed in assenza di un peggioramento della funzione renale nel gruppo A. Si è evidenziata una riduzione dei volumi ventricolari, in particolare del volume tele-sistolico ( 3 mesi 26 ml; p=0.001) e la FE ( 3 mesi: -5; p=0.0005) è migliorata solamente nel gruppo A. Infine nello stesso gruppo è emersa una riduzione significativa del volume atriale sinistro ( 3 mesi: 12.7 ml; p=0.05) ed i parametri di funzione diastolica sono migliorati. Conclusioni: in pazienti con SC il trattamento con allopurinolo in aggiunta alla terapia medica ottimale per tre mesi, apporta un beneficio significativo sui parametri di funzione diastolica ventricolare ed il suo utilizzo correla con una riduzione statisticamente significativa del NT-proBNP. Il trattamento precoce con statina in pazienti con SC acuto migliora i sintomi e influisce sul processo di rimodellamento ventricolare sinistro migliorando FE e riducendo i volumi.
Background: Heart failure (HF) is a complex pathophysiological condition of chronic deterioration of oxidative mechanisms. Hyperuricemia, a common finding in this context, reflects the degree of oxidative stress. It has been previously shown that diastolic dysfunction, which is frequently observed in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and is associated with poor prognosis, relates to serum uric acid levels. Furthermore, HF represents an inflammatory state characterized by overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of some typical aspects of HF, such as pulmonary oedema. Previous studies showed positive effects of statin treatment in a stable phase of the disease. Aim of the project: to determine whether inhibition of XO with allopurinol might affect diastolic function and NT-proBNP levels in a group of patients with chronic HF (Chronic HF Study); to evaluate the effects of statin therapy on left ventricular (LV) remodeling and symptoms in a group of subjects in the early stage of acute HF (Acute HF Study). Methods: Chronic HF study: 53 stable chronic HF outpatients with LV systolic dysfunction on optimal background therapy and clinically stable for at least three months, were randomly assigned to receive allopurinol (A), 300 mg/day, or placebo (P) for three months, in a double-blind trial. Every patient underwent a complete clinical and echocardiographic evaluation at baseline and at the end of the study. Acute HF study: 61 patients, admitted to our clinic for acute HF episode, with left ventricular dysfunction, were randomized to receive Atorvastatin (A) 20 mg/day or placebo (P) for three months, in a double-blind trial. A biochemical and clinical examination and a complete echocardiogram was performed for each patient at baseline, at one week and at the end of the study period. Results: Chronic HF study: mean age was 66±10 years and mean NYHA class was 2.2±0.6; mean serum uric acid levels were 400±100 mmol/L. At follow-up, in the allopurinol group there was a significant reduction in NT-proBNP levels compared with baseline (-191±583 mmol/L, p=0.0004), while no significant difference was observed in the placebo group, with a significant treatment effect (p=0.0033). In the allopurinol group there was a significant reduction of mitral E wave velocity (E) (0.6±0.2 vs. 07±0.2 m/s, p=0.01), and of the ratio between E and the velocity of early myocardial lengthening (E’) (10.7±6.7 vs. 15.1±11.8), but no significant changes of these two parameters in the placebo group, with a significant treatment effect for both (p=0.01 and p=0.02, respectively). Acute HF study: the two groups did not differ in clinical and echocardiographic baseline characteristics (mean age 72±7 years group P; 68±12 years group A; Colesterol 3.6±1 mmol/L group P; 3.5±1.3 mmol/L group A; EF 29±7 % group P; 25±6 % group A). At follow up NYHA class and congestion score improved in both groups, however more and without worsening of renal function in group A. There was a reduction in LV volumes, in particular in end-systolic volume ( 3 months 26 ml; p=0.001) and EF improved ( 3 months: -5; p=0.0005) only in the Atovarstatin group. Furthermore, in the same group there was a reduction of left atrium volume ( 3 months: 12.7 ml; p=0.05) and diastolic parameters improved. Conclusions: in CHF patients, the addition of allopurinol on top of optimal medical therapy for three months significantly improves echocardiographic parameters of diastolic function and lowers NT-proBNP levels. Early statin treatment in acute HF patients improves symptoms and affects cardiac remodeling by improving EF and reducing LV volumes.
Stress ossidativo ed infiammazione: basi fisiopatologiche per un nuovo approccio terapeutico nello scompenso cardiaco. Risultati di due trials randomizzati, controllati con placebo.
BERGAMINI, Corinna
2013-01-01
Abstract
Background: Heart failure (HF) is a complex pathophysiological condition of chronic deterioration of oxidative mechanisms. Hyperuricemia, a common finding in this context, reflects the degree of oxidative stress. It has been previously shown that diastolic dysfunction, which is frequently observed in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and is associated with poor prognosis, relates to serum uric acid levels. Furthermore, HF represents an inflammatory state characterized by overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of some typical aspects of HF, such as pulmonary oedema. Previous studies showed positive effects of statin treatment in a stable phase of the disease. Aim of the project: to determine whether inhibition of XO with allopurinol might affect diastolic function and NT-proBNP levels in a group of patients with chronic HF (Chronic HF Study); to evaluate the effects of statin therapy on left ventricular (LV) remodeling and symptoms in a group of subjects in the early stage of acute HF (Acute HF Study). Methods: Chronic HF study: 53 stable chronic HF outpatients with LV systolic dysfunction on optimal background therapy and clinically stable for at least three months, were randomly assigned to receive allopurinol (A), 300 mg/day, or placebo (P) for three months, in a double-blind trial. Every patient underwent a complete clinical and echocardiographic evaluation at baseline and at the end of the study. Acute HF study: 61 patients, admitted to our clinic for acute HF episode, with left ventricular dysfunction, were randomized to receive Atorvastatin (A) 20 mg/day or placebo (P) for three months, in a double-blind trial. A biochemical and clinical examination and a complete echocardiogram was performed for each patient at baseline, at one week and at the end of the study period. Results: Chronic HF study: mean age was 66±10 years and mean NYHA class was 2.2±0.6; mean serum uric acid levels were 400±100 mmol/L. At follow-up, in the allopurinol group there was a significant reduction in NT-proBNP levels compared with baseline (-191±583 mmol/L, p=0.0004), while no significant difference was observed in the placebo group, with a significant treatment effect (p=0.0033). In the allopurinol group there was a significant reduction of mitral E wave velocity (E) (0.6±0.2 vs. 07±0.2 m/s, p=0.01), and of the ratio between E and the velocity of early myocardial lengthening (E’) (10.7±6.7 vs. 15.1±11.8), but no significant changes of these two parameters in the placebo group, with a significant treatment effect for both (p=0.01 and p=0.02, respectively). Acute HF study: the two groups did not differ in clinical and echocardiographic baseline characteristics (mean age 72±7 years group P; 68±12 years group A; Colesterol 3.6±1 mmol/L group P; 3.5±1.3 mmol/L group A; EF 29±7 % group P; 25±6 % group A). At follow up NYHA class and congestion score improved in both groups, however more and without worsening of renal function in group A. There was a reduction in LV volumes, in particular in end-systolic volume ( 3 months 26 ml; p=0.001) and EF improved ( 3 months: -5; p=0.0005) only in the Atovarstatin group. Furthermore, in the same group there was a reduction of left atrium volume ( 3 months: 12.7 ml; p=0.05) and diastolic parameters improved. Conclusions: in CHF patients, the addition of allopurinol on top of optimal medical therapy for three months significantly improves echocardiographic parameters of diastolic function and lowers NT-proBNP levels. Early statin treatment in acute HF patients improves symptoms and affects cardiac remodeling by improving EF and reducing LV volumes.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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