The incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) exceeds that of esophageal adenocarcinoma (AC) in all developing countries and in most developed countries, including Italy. By contrast, the incidence of AC has recently approached that of SCC in Scotland, the USA, and Israel. Cancer of the hypopharynx is rather rare: in France it represents 0.40% of all cancers in men and 0.06% of those in women. The most important risk factors for SCC of the esophagus and hypopharynx are excessive alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, low socioeconomic status, and nutritional deficiencies.
Epidemiology of esophageal and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
VERLATO, Giuseppe;DE MANZONI, Giovanni
2011
Abstract
The incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) exceeds that of esophageal adenocarcinoma (AC) in all developing countries and in most developed countries, including Italy. By contrast, the incidence of AC has recently approached that of SCC in Scotland, the USA, and Israel. Cancer of the hypopharynx is rather rare: in France it represents 0.40% of all cancers in men and 0.06% of those in women. The most important risk factors for SCC of the esophagus and hypopharynx are excessive alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, low socioeconomic status, and nutritional deficiencies.
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