Lo scopo di questa tesi è di analizzare le differenti determinanti socio-economiche dell’obesità in due nazioni europee, Italia e Inghilterra. Queste nazioni sono interessanti da studiare per motivi molto diversi. Sebbene in notevole ritardo rispetto agli Stati Uniti e ad altre nazioni europee anche in Italia si è verificata una notevole crescita nei livelli di obesità. Difatti nel 2005 il 34.2% della popolazione è stata classificata come sovrappeso e il 9.8% come obesa. Queste percentuali inoltre variano notevolmente per individui con differente età, genere, educazione e reddito. Inoltre dati di fonte ISTAT mostrano come gli adulti classificati come obesi siano aumentati del 4% nell’ultimo decennio. Tale misura diventa ancora più rilevante se consideriamo l’ulteriore crescita registrata nella categoria dei sovrappeso. Nel Regno Unito il trend seguito dall’obesità è molto simile a quello registrato negli Stati Uniti. Nel 2007 la percentuale di obesi risultava pari al 24% della popolazione e si poneva come una tra le più alte in Europa. Il trend dell’obesità sia maschile che femminile è stato inoltre in notevole aumento negli ultimi 15 anni (con una crescita del 15% dal 1993). Questa crescita così persistente indica che alcune delle cause dell’obesità potrebbero essere divenute strutturali nella determinazione del livello di obesità sia nel Regno Unito che in Italia. Le ragioni di questo incremento significativo nei livelli di obesità per le due nazioni considerate nell’analisi potrebbero essere di varia natura. Abbiamo quindi deciso di focalizzare la nostra attenzione sul ruolo dei prezzi degli alimenti in Italia, dove le proprietà benefiche della dieta Mediterranea hanno finora determinato i bassi livelli di obesità. Per questo motivo risulta di cruciale importanza documentare qualsiasi variazione nei comportamenti di consumo di alimenti che potrebbero essere responsabili per l’aumento nei tassi di obesità e sovrappeso. Invece, per quanto riguarda il Regno Unito questo lavoro fa riferimento ad un vasto numero di articoli empirici che testano l’influenza di differenti cambiamenti socio-economici che potrebbero aver alterato le abitudini degli individui. In particolare è stato analizzato il ruolo del prezzo di alimenti sani (come frutta e verdura) e la densità di fast-food e ristoranti, come anche mutamenti nel consumo di sigarette. Ci riferiamo inoltre anche agli effetti collegati a cambiamenti tecnologici, che sono responsabili di variazioni nell’occupazione da settori agricoli e industriali ai servizi, implicando una notevole diminuzione nell’intensità dell’attività fisica destinata al lavoro. Innovazioni in agricoltura sono inoltre responsabili per riduzioni nei prezzi del cibo e conseguentemente anche nella quantità di calorie assunte. Un ulteriore importante determinante dell’obesità individuata dalla letteratura economica e medica è la recente diminuzione registrata nei consumi di sigarette. Molti studi hanno infatti determinato una inversione netta tra i trend della percentuale di fumatori, in costante riduzione negli ultimi decenni e la percentuale di obesi, che invece risulta in netta crescita. Tuttavia tutti i precedenti lavori non sono stati in grado di stimare in maniera precisa e unanime il segno e l’intensità di tale relazione. Per sorpassare queste limitazioni questo lavoro sfrutta l’introduzione della recente riforma anti fumo in Italia, che dal 2005 proibisce di fumare nei luoghi pubblici. Per identificare l’effetto della riduzione nel consumo di nicotina sul peso viene utilizzata la discontinuità introdotta dalla riforma come misura di una variazione esogena nei consumi di sigarette. Nel caso del Regno Unito è stata invece sfruttata la natura longitudinale dei dati a disposizione, che raccolgono informazioni in differenti istanti temporali per lo stesso individuo. In questo modo siamo in grado di tenere conto propriamente delle differenti attitudini che ciascuno potrebbe avere nei confronti della propria salute. In più vengono utilizzati un elevato numero di gruppi di controllo per eliminare distorsioni nella stima legate al problema dell’endogeneità.
This thesis analyses various aspects related to the economic determinants of obesity in two EU countries, Italy and the UK, which are of interest for different reasons. Although much later with respect to the United States and some continental European countries, the issue of the rise of weight has also become significant in Italy, where, 34.2% of adults were classified as overweight and 9.8% as obese in 2005. These percentages were found to differ greatly according to age, gender, years of education and income level. Moreover, the percentage of adults classified as obese has risen by 4 percentage points in the last decade as shown by ISTAT. This measure becomes more relevant when we consider that the obesity and overweight rate increased in the same period by 9 percentage points. In the UK, the increase in obesity is found to be similar to that of the United States although it started from a lower level. The percentage of obese individuals is about 24% in 2007 and is among the highest in Europe. The trends of obesity in aggregate have constantly risen over the last fifteen years (15% since 1993), similarly for both men and women. This persistent growth suggests that, at least, some causes may have become structural in determining obesity in the UK, but also in Italy. The reasons for the significant increase in the obesity levels for the two countries analysed may be of various nature. We decided to focus our attention on the role of food prices in Italy, where the healthy properties of the Mediterranean diet have, up to now, mostly influenced the low obesity rates in the country. It becomes then of crucial importance to document any significant variation, in terms of food onsumption, that may be responsible for the general increase in obesity and overweight rates. While for the UK, this research is related to a number of empirical papers testing overweight as the result of several socio-economic changes which have altered people’s lifestyle choices. In particular, we examined the consequences of changes in relative prices and in the density of different types of restaurants on obesity, as well as the influence of cigarette consumption. We also refer to the effects of technological changes, which are responsible for shifts over time in employment from agricultural and manufacturing to services, implying a decrease in the strenuousness of jobs, and in the number of hours dedicated to physical exercise. Agricultural innovations are also responsible for reductions in the price of food and consequently of calories. Another very important determinant of the obesity epidemic is related, by the health economic literature, to the recent drastic reduction in smoking habits. Many previous works have documented a very clear inversion between the trends of smoking, which have constantly reduced, and BMI, which documented a sharp increase. However all these works did not provide a general agreement on the sign and the magnitude of these effects, and most importantly they did not provide a clear estimate of these effects on obese individuals. We take advantage of the introduction of the Clean Indoor Air Law, which prohibits smoking in public places, implemented in Italy as from 10 January 2005, to identify the relationship between smoking behavior and body weight within a regression discontinuity design. In the case of the UK, we took advantage of the longitudinal framework of the BHPS and estimate a difference-in-differences (DID) model to account for individual fixed-effects related to individual health concerns and estimate the parameters of the DID model using a battery of control groups. We also performed IV and IVQR estimates for the average treatment effects (ATEs) and quantile treatment effects (QTEs) estimators to take into account properly issues related to endogeneity.
Health Concerns and Socio-Economic Determinants: Analysis and Evaluation in Italy and England
SALMASI, Luca
2012-01-01
Abstract
This thesis analyses various aspects related to the economic determinants of obesity in two EU countries, Italy and the UK, which are of interest for different reasons. Although much later with respect to the United States and some continental European countries, the issue of the rise of weight has also become significant in Italy, where, 34.2% of adults were classified as overweight and 9.8% as obese in 2005. These percentages were found to differ greatly according to age, gender, years of education and income level. Moreover, the percentage of adults classified as obese has risen by 4 percentage points in the last decade as shown by ISTAT. This measure becomes more relevant when we consider that the obesity and overweight rate increased in the same period by 9 percentage points. In the UK, the increase in obesity is found to be similar to that of the United States although it started from a lower level. The percentage of obese individuals is about 24% in 2007 and is among the highest in Europe. The trends of obesity in aggregate have constantly risen over the last fifteen years (15% since 1993), similarly for both men and women. This persistent growth suggests that, at least, some causes may have become structural in determining obesity in the UK, but also in Italy. The reasons for the significant increase in the obesity levels for the two countries analysed may be of various nature. We decided to focus our attention on the role of food prices in Italy, where the healthy properties of the Mediterranean diet have, up to now, mostly influenced the low obesity rates in the country. It becomes then of crucial importance to document any significant variation, in terms of food onsumption, that may be responsible for the general increase in obesity and overweight rates. While for the UK, this research is related to a number of empirical papers testing overweight as the result of several socio-economic changes which have altered people’s lifestyle choices. In particular, we examined the consequences of changes in relative prices and in the density of different types of restaurants on obesity, as well as the influence of cigarette consumption. We also refer to the effects of technological changes, which are responsible for shifts over time in employment from agricultural and manufacturing to services, implying a decrease in the strenuousness of jobs, and in the number of hours dedicated to physical exercise. Agricultural innovations are also responsible for reductions in the price of food and consequently of calories. Another very important determinant of the obesity epidemic is related, by the health economic literature, to the recent drastic reduction in smoking habits. Many previous works have documented a very clear inversion between the trends of smoking, which have constantly reduced, and BMI, which documented a sharp increase. However all these works did not provide a general agreement on the sign and the magnitude of these effects, and most importantly they did not provide a clear estimate of these effects on obese individuals. We take advantage of the introduction of the Clean Indoor Air Law, which prohibits smoking in public places, implemented in Italy as from 10 January 2005, to identify the relationship between smoking behavior and body weight within a regression discontinuity design. In the case of the UK, we took advantage of the longitudinal framework of the BHPS and estimate a difference-in-differences (DID) model to account for individual fixed-effects related to individual health concerns and estimate the parameters of the DID model using a battery of control groups. We also performed IV and IVQR estimates for the average treatment effects (ATEs) and quantile treatment effects (QTEs) estimators to take into account properly issues related to endogeneity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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