Introduzione. L’invecchiamento della popolazione italiana e dei Paesi industrializzati, insieme all’aumento delle malattie cronico degenerative (tumori, ipertensione arteriosa, patologie cardiache croniche, malattie neurodegenerative, diabete, malattie metaboliche, malattie delle ossa e delle articolazioni) rappresentano uno scenario in cui è necessario intervenire con strategie di prevenzione. Si tratta di malattie multifattoriali la cui genesi richiede anni o decenni e su cui è possibile fare prevenzione con efficacia. I fattori dietetici svolgono un ruolo determinante per queste malattie, potendo svolgere sia un ruolo di induzione, sia di prevenzione, in quanto possono sia favorire sia inibire l’infiammazione e lo stress ossidativo. Questi ultimi rappresentano i meccanismi di base di queste malattie e quindi anche di una buona qualità di vita o di una sofferta vecchiaia. Purtroppo le abitudini alimentari degli italiani, ed in modo particolare dei bambini e dei giovani, si stanno allontanando dalla Dieta Mediterranea tradizionale di cui sono stati ampiamente dimostrati gli effetti protettivi sulla salute. Inoltre gli alimenti disponibili non sono più quelli empiricamente collaudati dalla tradizione e le analisi chimiche, da sole, non forniscono informazioni sulla loro interazione con l’organismo nel lungo periodo. Tali informazioni si possono ottenere applicando agli alimenti i metodi di indagine utilizzati dalla Drug Discovery. Obiettivi. La presente ricerca è stata effettuata allo scopo di mettere a punto algoritmi di indagine che permettano di valutare un alimento e le sue interazioni con l’organismo con modalità “evidence-based”. Di conseguenza un ulteriore obiettivo è stato quello di ottenere nuove informazioni, mediante l’impiego di tecnologie complementari ad alto rendimento, tipiche della Drug Discovery. Per analogia, l’insieme degli algoritmi di indagine è stato denominato Food Discovery. Materiali e metodi. La ricerca si è articolata in sei pacchetti di lavoro, ognuno finalizzato allo studio di un diverso aspetto degli alimenti e della loro interazione con l’organismo. Sugli alimenti, oltre alle analisi chimiche usuali, sono stati impiegate tecniche di imaging multimodale (optical imaging e imaging di risonanza magnetica), di risonanza magnetica nucleare, di microscopia ottica, elettronica a scansione ed elettronica a trasmissione. Per le ricerche in vivo sono stati utilizzati modelli animali tra i più usati. Nei vari workig packages, questi sono stati sottoposti a regimi alimentari controllati per periodi di almeno trenta giorni. Sui soggetti sono state effettuate indagini di imaging di risonanza magnetica con spettroscopia localizzata e sui organi e tessuti target (sangue, intestino, fegato, grasso inguinale) sono state effettuare ricerche utilizzando la spettroscopia di risonanza magnetica nucleare, la microscopia ottica, elettronica a scansione ed elettronica a trasmissione e la biologia molecolare. A tale scopo si sono esaminali alimenti rappresentativi della tradizione alimentare italiana(olio extravergine di oliva, prodotti ittici, castagne, caffè, latte, tartufo). Risultati. Sugli alimenti esaminati si sono ottenute informazioni non soltanto qualitative e quantitative ma anche spaziali, come la distribuzione tridimensionale dei lipidi o dell’acqua. Le indagini sui modelli animali hanno fornito informazioni di natura molto diversa (metaboliti serici, espressione di geni di trasporto in duodeno, fegato, grasso inguinale, preparati istologici e informazioni sulla microstruttura del duodeno e del fegato, grado di metilazione di alcuni geni nei leucociti) che hanno permesso di valutare anche differenze sottili dell’interazione tra i vari tipi di alimento con l’organismo ed in modo particolare quelle indotte da diversi oli extravergini di oliva o di altre fonti lipidiche. I risultati hanno evidenziato il valore dei prodotti della tradizione italiana in un’alimentazione di lungo periodo, in modo particolare dell’olio extravergine di oliva. Conclusione. I risultati ottenuti dimostrano che mediante l’applicazione delle metodologie di indagine della Food Discovery, si ottengono nuove informazioni sia sugli alimenti sia su modelli animali, Con queste si possono valutare complessivamente e nel lungo periodo, gli effetti metabolici, biologici, epigenetici e istologici del cibo. Con la Food Discovery è stato possibile guardare in modo nuovo anche un alimento molto studiato, quale l’olio extravergine di oliva, potendo ottenere informazioni evidence-based con cui valorizzare e promuovere il suo utilizzo per la prevenzione delle malattie cronico degenerative.
Introduction. The aging of the Italian population, and industrialized countries, together with the increase of chronic degenerative diseases (cancer, hypertension, chronic heart disease, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, metabolic diseases, diseases of bones and joints) represent a scenario in which necessary to intervene with prevention strategies. They are multifactorial diseases, whose genesis takes years or decades and it is possible to prevent them effectively. Dietary factors play an important role in these diseases and could play a role in both induction and prevention, as they can both promote and inhibit inflammation and oxidative stress. These are the basic mechanisms of these diseases and, therefore a good quality of life or a painful old age. Unfortunately the eating habits of Italians, and especially of children and young people, are moving away from traditional Mediterranean diet of which have been widely demonstrated protective effects on health. In addition, the foods available are not what they empirically tested by tradition. On the other end, chemical tests, by themselves, do not provide information on their interaction with the body, in the long run. This information can be obtained by applying to food survey methods used by the Drug Discovery. Objectives. This research was carried out in order to develop algorithms that allow the investigation to evaluate a food and its interactions with the body in a "evidence-based " way. Accordingly, a further objective was to obtain new information through the use of high-performance technologies, typical of Drug Discovery. By analogy, the set of algorithms for food investigation was called Food Discovery. Materials and methods. The research is divided into six work packages, each aimed at studying a different aspect of food and their interaction with the body. Iin addition to the usual chemical analysis, on food were used multimodal imaging techniques (optical imaging and magnetic resonance imaging), nuclear magnetic resonance, optical, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy. For in vivo studies we utilized animal models most frequently used. Inside different working packages, they were subjected to trial diets, at least, for thirty days. On live animals were carried out with magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy localized. On target organs and tissues (blood, intestines, liver, inguinal fat) have been conducting research using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, optical, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy and molecular biology. To do we examined representative traditional Italian foods (olive oil, fish, chestnuts, coffee, milk, truffle). Results. From feedingstuffs, were obtained not only qualitative and quantitative information but also spatial, such as three-dimensional distribution of lipids or water. The studies on animal models have provided a very different nature (serum metabolites, gene expression of transport in duodenum, liver, inguinal fat, and histological information on the microstructure of the duodenum and liver, degree of methylation of certain genes in white blood cells) that have allowed us to evaluate even light interaction differences between different types of food and body, especially those induced by different extra virgin olive oils or other lipid sources. The results have shown the nutritional value of the products of traditional Italian food in the long run, especially the extra virgin olive oil Conclusion. The results show that by applying the methods of investigation of Food Discovery, you get new information on both food and animal models. With them we can assess the overall and long-term metabolic, biological, histological examinations, epigenetic effects of food. With the Food Discovery could be a new look so much studied food, such as extra virgin olive oil, being able to obtain evidence-based information with which to enhance and promote its use for prevention of chronic degenerative diseases.
Food discovery: un approccio multimodale
DEGL'INNOCENTI, Daniele
2011-01-01
Abstract
Introduction. The aging of the Italian population, and industrialized countries, together with the increase of chronic degenerative diseases (cancer, hypertension, chronic heart disease, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, metabolic diseases, diseases of bones and joints) represent a scenario in which necessary to intervene with prevention strategies. They are multifactorial diseases, whose genesis takes years or decades and it is possible to prevent them effectively. Dietary factors play an important role in these diseases and could play a role in both induction and prevention, as they can both promote and inhibit inflammation and oxidative stress. These are the basic mechanisms of these diseases and, therefore a good quality of life or a painful old age. Unfortunately the eating habits of Italians, and especially of children and young people, are moving away from traditional Mediterranean diet of which have been widely demonstrated protective effects on health. In addition, the foods available are not what they empirically tested by tradition. On the other end, chemical tests, by themselves, do not provide information on their interaction with the body, in the long run. This information can be obtained by applying to food survey methods used by the Drug Discovery. Objectives. This research was carried out in order to develop algorithms that allow the investigation to evaluate a food and its interactions with the body in a "evidence-based " way. Accordingly, a further objective was to obtain new information through the use of high-performance technologies, typical of Drug Discovery. By analogy, the set of algorithms for food investigation was called Food Discovery. Materials and methods. The research is divided into six work packages, each aimed at studying a different aspect of food and their interaction with the body. Iin addition to the usual chemical analysis, on food were used multimodal imaging techniques (optical imaging and magnetic resonance imaging), nuclear magnetic resonance, optical, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy. For in vivo studies we utilized animal models most frequently used. Inside different working packages, they were subjected to trial diets, at least, for thirty days. On live animals were carried out with magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy localized. On target organs and tissues (blood, intestines, liver, inguinal fat) have been conducting research using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, optical, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy and molecular biology. To do we examined representative traditional Italian foods (olive oil, fish, chestnuts, coffee, milk, truffle). Results. From feedingstuffs, were obtained not only qualitative and quantitative information but also spatial, such as three-dimensional distribution of lipids or water. The studies on animal models have provided a very different nature (serum metabolites, gene expression of transport in duodenum, liver, inguinal fat, and histological information on the microstructure of the duodenum and liver, degree of methylation of certain genes in white blood cells) that have allowed us to evaluate even light interaction differences between different types of food and body, especially those induced by different extra virgin olive oils or other lipid sources. The results have shown the nutritional value of the products of traditional Italian food in the long run, especially the extra virgin olive oil Conclusion. The results show that by applying the methods of investigation of Food Discovery, you get new information on both food and animal models. With them we can assess the overall and long-term metabolic, biological, histological examinations, epigenetic effects of food. With the Food Discovery could be a new look so much studied food, such as extra virgin olive oil, being able to obtain evidence-based information with which to enhance and promote its use for prevention of chronic degenerative diseases.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
dditesid.pdf
non disponibili
Tipologia:
Tesi di dottorato
Licenza:
Dominio pubblico
Dimensione
5.25 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
5.25 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri Richiedi una copia |
I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.