L’orticaria cronica (CU) è una comune sindrome infiammatoria cutanea caratterizzata da una fisiopatologia complessa. Nonostante non sia pericolosa per la vita del paziente, essa ha un profondo impatto sulla qualità di vita. Una parte dei pazienti ha orticaria cronica autoimmune (AICU), caratterizzata dalla presenza di auto-anticorpi circolanti diretti contro FcRI e da un decorso clinico più grave, che spesso richiede trattamenti aggressivi. Il test cutaneo al siero autologo (ASST) è comunemente impiegato nella pratica clinica per individuare i pazienti affetti da AICU, ma la sua sensibilità e specificità non sono del tutto soddisfacenti. Esistono molte metodiche per identificare in vitro questi anticorpi anti-FcRI, ma sfortunatamente sono gravati da molti limiti e non sono routinariamente disponibili ovunque. Per queste ragioni, recentemente è stato sviluppato un test di attivazione in vitro sui basofili (BAT), che sta suscitando molto interesse per le sue caratteristiche di sensibilità e specificità, riproducibilità e potenziale ampia diffusione. Il nostro intento è stato quello di mettere a punto questa metodica, valutando l’espressione di superficie dei marcatori di attivazione CD63 e CD203c dopo stimolazione di basofili con i sieri di 20 pazienti con CU e con controlli positivi (fMLP and anti IgE) e negativi (condizioni basali e 8 sieri di soggetti sani). Inoltre abbiamo voluto valutare eventuali variazioni nell’espressione di superficie della molecola CD11b ed anche l’effetto della stimolazione con plasma su tutti i marcatori indicati. Più in dettaglio, il substrato cellulare per il BAT è stato rappresentato da un pool di buffy-coats ottenuti da sangue venoso periferico di 4 donatori atopici, anticoagulato con K2-EDTA. Albumina umana è stata aggiunta alla sospensione cellulare ottenendo una concentrazione finale di 0.2%. Successivamente tampone di lavaggio, fMLP (agonista IgE-indipendente) e anticorpo monoclonale anti-IgE umane sono stati aggiunti in provette distinte alla sospensione cellulare, per determinare i livelli di attivazione basali ed i controlli positivi dell’espressione dei marcatori in studio; inoltre 100l di siero o plasma sono stati aggiunti in provette distinte alla sospensione cellulare, per analizzare il loro effetto sull’espressione dei marcatori. Tutti i test sono stati effettuati in triplicato. Per maggiore precisione, i sieri ed i plasmi non diluiti sono stati testati sia dopo inattivazione al calore (lasciati a temperatura ambiente e poi riscaldati a 56C per 30 minuti per inattivare IgE e complemento) sia senza inattivazione al calore. Tutte le provette sono state incubate per 20 minuti a 37C. I basofili sono stati studiati in citofluorimetria a sei canali, dopo colorazione con anticorpi monoclonali e lisi dei globuli rossi. I basofili sono stati identificati come cellule a basso SSC, HLA-DRnot-expressing and CD123bright; CD63, CD203c e CD11b sono stati valutati mediante la determinazione dei livelli medi di fluorescenza (MFI) sui basofili e, solo CD63, anche tramite conteggio della percentuale di cellule passate ad una alta espressività (CD63%). Tutti i dati sono stati analizzati con adeguate metodologie statistiche. Tutti i pazienti con CU sono stati attentamente esaminati al momento dell’arruolamento, tramite la valutazione di multipli parametri clinici e di laboratorio, e sottoposti ad ASST e test cutaneo al plasma autologo (APST), come metodiche di screening per identificare i soggetti con AICU. In particolare, la gravità di malattia ed il suo impatto sulla qualità di vita sono stati misurati con specifici sistemi validati (rispettivamente US e CU2QoL). La nostra popolazione di studio con CU è risultata complessivamente conforme ai dati pubblicati in precedenza per quanto riguarda prevalenza del sesso femminile, età media, durata di malattia, basso numero di basofili, valori di indici di flogosi e positività di auto-anticorpi. Inoltre l’ ASST è risultato più spesso positivo in pazienti femmine con malattia più accesa, minori numero di basofili circolanti e valori di IgE, maggiore prevalenza di positività per auto-anticorpi (anti-nucleo o anti-tiroide), ma non ha mostrato correlazione con una maggior durata di malattia, maggiore influenza sulla qualità di vita e più alti livelli di indici di flogosi. Da ultimo, la percentuale di risultati positivi all’ASST nei nostri pazienti è risultata inferiore rispetto ai dati della letteratura, ma conforme alla nostra esperienza clinica. L’ APST è risultato più frequentemente positivo dell’ASST, ma la concordanza tra i due test in vivo è stata buona per quanto riguarda sia l’esito sia i diametri della reazione pomfoide. Per quanto riguarda i risultati delle analisi citofluorimetriche, la riproducibilità del test non è stata influenzata negativamente dall’impiego di differenti pool di donatori atopici come fonte di basofili. Le condizioni sperimentali si sono dimostrate buone, poiché abbiamo ottenuto livelli di attivazione aspecifica inferiori a quelli riportati in letteratura, mentre i livelli di espressione dei marcatori di attivazione dopo stimoli attivatori sono stati altrettanto elevati di quelli precedentemente pubblicati. I sieri inattivati al calore hanno indotto livelli di espressione dei marcatori di attivazione superiori rispetto ai sieri non inattivati, determinando perciò una migliore efficienza diagnostica. Siamo riusciti a riconfermare la correlazione tra la positività all’ASST e l’espressione di più alti valori di CD63%, CD63MFI e CD203c. Complessivamente, i nostri risultati indicano che CD203c ha una maggiore sensibilità, CD63 ha una maggiore specificità e che l’efficienza diagnostica risulta aumentata quando si considerano congiuntamente i risultati di CD63% e di CD203cMFI. Inoltre il BAT è risultato più frequentemente positivo in pazienti con malattia più accesa, minori numero di basofili circolanti e valori di IgE, maggiore prevalenza di positività per auto-anticorpi (anti-nucleo o anti-tiroide), nonostante in molti casi queste differenze non siano risultate statisticamente significative. Con la nostra metodica, l’espressione di CD11b non ha mostrato modificazioni di espressione sui basofili atopici dopo stimolazione con gli agenti testati, sia IgE dipendenti che non; perciò non si è mostrato utile nel BAT applicato allo studio della CU in queste particolari condizioni sperimentali. Le ragioni per questi risultati inattesi non sono chiare, ma la attendibilità dei nostri risultata è supportata dalla dimostrazione di un incremento statisticamente significativo di CD11b sui neutrofili dopo stimolazione con fMLP e con sieri di controlli sani e di pazienti con CU ASST+ nelle stesse condizioni sperimentali. Infine abbiamo fornito nuovi dati sul fatto che il plasma non esercita un effetto stimolatorio sui basofili in vitro. Questi risultati sono giunti inattesi poiché molte osservazioni suggerivano teoricamente un effetto stimolatorio maggiore per il plasma che non per il siero, nonostante altri autori abbiano recentemente mostrato che siero e plasma hanno effetto equivalente nei test cutanei, ma che il siero è migliore del plasma per i test in vitro; infatti, entrambi determinano liberazione di istamina da basofili di donatori, ma il siero induce più frequentemente un esito positivo del test. Le ragioni di questa differenza non sono chiare, anche se la presenza di citrato nel plasma potrebbe innalzare la soglia di attivazione necessaria per il rilascio di istamina. In particolare, con la nostra metodica la stimolazione dei basofili con il plasma ha determinato una riduzione nell’espressione di CD63 ed un lieve aumento in quella di CD230c; entrambe queste variazioni sono state più evidenti per plasmi di pazienti con CU ASST+. Perciò questi risultati sottolineano ulteriormente le differenze esistenti tra CD63 e CD203c come marcatori di attivazione e richiamo il possibile ruolo dei fattori coagulativi plasmatici nella patogenesi dell’orticaria.
Chronic urticaria (CU) is a common cutaneous inflammatory syndrome with a complex physiopathology. Although not life threatening, the disease has a deep impact on the patient’s quality of life. A particular subset of patients has autoimmune chronic urticaria (AICU), characterized by the presence of circulating anti-FcRI autoantibodies and by a more severe clinical behavior, often requiring aggressive therapies. The autologous serum skin test (ASST) is commonly used in clinical practice to identify the AICU patients, but its sensitivity and specificity are not fully satisfying. Many methods exist to detect in vitro anti-FcRI antibodies, but unfortunately they suffer of many limitations and not routinely available everywhere. For this reason, in recent years a basophil activation test (BAT) on flow-cytometry has been developed and is raising particular interest for its sensitivity and specificity, reproducibility and potential wide diffusion. Therefore we intended to set this technique, evaluating the surface expression of the activation markers CD63 and CD203c after stimulation of pools of basophils derived from atopic donors with sera of 20 CU patients and positive (fMLP and anti IgE) and negative controls (resting and 8 healthy patients sera). Moreover we explored changes in CD11b surface expression and influence of plasma stimulation on all the markers’ expression. More in detail, BAT cellular substrate derived from buffy coats pooled from K2-EDTA anti-coagulated peripheral blood of 4 atopic donors. Human albumin was added to the cellular pool to obtain a final albumin dilution of 0.2%. Thereafter, washing buffer alone, fMLP (as IgE-independent agonist) and anti-human monoclonal IgE were added in different tubes to the cellular suspension, in order to determine the basal level and the positive controls for the surface expression of the activation markers under evaluation; moreover 100l of sera and plasma were added in different tubes to the cellular suspension, in order to analyze their influence on markers expression. Three consecutive tests were performed on donors’ basophils with each stimulating agent. For better definition, undiluted sera and plasma were tested both after heat inactivation (left at room temperature and then heated to 56°C for 30 minutes to denaturate IgE and inactivate complement) and without heat inactivation. All samples were incubated for 20 minutes to 37°C. Basophils were evaluated on six colour flow cytometry, after monoclonal antibody staining and erythrocyte lysis. Basophils were gated as low SSC, HLA-DRnot-expressing and CD123bright cells; basophil surface markers CD63, CD203c and CD11b were evaluated by determining the levels of mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) for the three of them and the percentage of cells shifting to high expression only for CD63 (CD63%). All data were analyzed with adequate statistical tests. All CU patients were thoroughly examined at baseline, by evaluation of multiple clinical and laboratory parameters, and screened with ASST and autologous plasma skin test (APST), in order to identify AICU subjects. In particular, disease severity and impact on quality of life were measured by specific validated tools (US and CU2QoL, respectively). Our CU study population resulted overall consistent with the previously published data as regards female prevalence, mean age, disease duration, low basophil count, inflammation markers values and auto-antibody positivity. Moreover ASST gave more frequently positive result in female patients with higher disease severity, lower basophil count and IgE values, higher auto-antibody positivity (anti-nuclear and anti-thyroid), but failed to show correlation with longer disease duration, higher impact on quality of life, or higher inflammation markers values. Finally, ASST positivity resulted lower in our population as compared with literature data, but it is consistent with our clinical experience. APST positivity was higher than ASST positivity as expected, with good concordance between these two in vivo tests both for outcome and wheal reaction diameters. As regards flow cytometry analysis, assay reproducibility wasn’t negatively affected by the use of different atopic-donors pools as basophil source. The experimental conditions proved to be good, because we obtained lower unspecific activation levels than those reported in literature, whereas the activation marker expression levels after activating stimuli were as high as in previously published studies. Heat-inactivated sera determined higher values of markers expression as compared with matched not heat-inactivated sera, thus determining higher diagnostic efficiency. We were able to confirm a positive correlation between ASST positive result and higher values of CD63%, CD63MFI and CD203cMFI expression. Overall, our flow cytometry assay results indicate that CD203c has higher sensitivity, CD63 has higher specificity, and diagnostic efficiency can be improved when CD63% and CD203cMFI results are combined. Moreover flow cytometry BAT gave more frequently positive result in patients with higher disease severity, lower basophil count and IgE values, higher auto-antibody positivity (anti-nuclear and anti-thyroid), although without statistically significant differences in many cases. In our assay, CD11b expression showed no modifications on atopic basophils after stimulation with tested agents, neither IgE-dependent nor IgE-independent; therefore it seemed to be not useful in BAT applied to the study of CU under these particular conditions. Reasons for this unexpected result are not clear, but reliability of our results is supported by the demonstration of a significant increase in CD11b expression on neutrophils after stimulation with fMLP and with sera from controls and ASST positive subjects under the same experimental conditions. Finally we provided new evidences that plasma does not exert a stimulatory effect on basophils in vitro. These results were unexpected because many observations suggested a theoretical higher stimulatory effect for plasma as compared with serum, although other authors recently showed that serum and plasma were comparable for skin testing but serum was better than plasma for in vitro assays; indeed, both specimens induced histamine release from donor basophils, but serum gave more frequently positive results. The reason for this difference is not clear, although the presence of citrate in plasma may increase the threshold necessary for histamine release from donor basophils. In particular, in our assay basophils exposure to plasma determined a decrease in CD63 expression and a slight increase in CD203c expression; both these changes were more pronounced for plasma from ASST+ CU patients. Thus, these results further underline the differences between CD63 and CD203c as activation markers and recall the possible involvement of plasma coagulation factors in urticaria pathogenesis.
Autoimmune chronic urticaria: new insights in diagnostic methods and pathogenetic mechanisms
PERONI, Anna
2011-01-01
Abstract
Chronic urticaria (CU) is a common cutaneous inflammatory syndrome with a complex physiopathology. Although not life threatening, the disease has a deep impact on the patient’s quality of life. A particular subset of patients has autoimmune chronic urticaria (AICU), characterized by the presence of circulating anti-FcRI autoantibodies and by a more severe clinical behavior, often requiring aggressive therapies. The autologous serum skin test (ASST) is commonly used in clinical practice to identify the AICU patients, but its sensitivity and specificity are not fully satisfying. Many methods exist to detect in vitro anti-FcRI antibodies, but unfortunately they suffer of many limitations and not routinely available everywhere. For this reason, in recent years a basophil activation test (BAT) on flow-cytometry has been developed and is raising particular interest for its sensitivity and specificity, reproducibility and potential wide diffusion. Therefore we intended to set this technique, evaluating the surface expression of the activation markers CD63 and CD203c after stimulation of pools of basophils derived from atopic donors with sera of 20 CU patients and positive (fMLP and anti IgE) and negative controls (resting and 8 healthy patients sera). Moreover we explored changes in CD11b surface expression and influence of plasma stimulation on all the markers’ expression. More in detail, BAT cellular substrate derived from buffy coats pooled from K2-EDTA anti-coagulated peripheral blood of 4 atopic donors. Human albumin was added to the cellular pool to obtain a final albumin dilution of 0.2%. Thereafter, washing buffer alone, fMLP (as IgE-independent agonist) and anti-human monoclonal IgE were added in different tubes to the cellular suspension, in order to determine the basal level and the positive controls for the surface expression of the activation markers under evaluation; moreover 100l of sera and plasma were added in different tubes to the cellular suspension, in order to analyze their influence on markers expression. Three consecutive tests were performed on donors’ basophils with each stimulating agent. For better definition, undiluted sera and plasma were tested both after heat inactivation (left at room temperature and then heated to 56°C for 30 minutes to denaturate IgE and inactivate complement) and without heat inactivation. All samples were incubated for 20 minutes to 37°C. Basophils were evaluated on six colour flow cytometry, after monoclonal antibody staining and erythrocyte lysis. Basophils were gated as low SSC, HLA-DRnot-expressing and CD123bright cells; basophil surface markers CD63, CD203c and CD11b were evaluated by determining the levels of mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) for the three of them and the percentage of cells shifting to high expression only for CD63 (CD63%). All data were analyzed with adequate statistical tests. All CU patients were thoroughly examined at baseline, by evaluation of multiple clinical and laboratory parameters, and screened with ASST and autologous plasma skin test (APST), in order to identify AICU subjects. In particular, disease severity and impact on quality of life were measured by specific validated tools (US and CU2QoL, respectively). Our CU study population resulted overall consistent with the previously published data as regards female prevalence, mean age, disease duration, low basophil count, inflammation markers values and auto-antibody positivity. Moreover ASST gave more frequently positive result in female patients with higher disease severity, lower basophil count and IgE values, higher auto-antibody positivity (anti-nuclear and anti-thyroid), but failed to show correlation with longer disease duration, higher impact on quality of life, or higher inflammation markers values. Finally, ASST positivity resulted lower in our population as compared with literature data, but it is consistent with our clinical experience. APST positivity was higher than ASST positivity as expected, with good concordance between these two in vivo tests both for outcome and wheal reaction diameters. As regards flow cytometry analysis, assay reproducibility wasn’t negatively affected by the use of different atopic-donors pools as basophil source. The experimental conditions proved to be good, because we obtained lower unspecific activation levels than those reported in literature, whereas the activation marker expression levels after activating stimuli were as high as in previously published studies. Heat-inactivated sera determined higher values of markers expression as compared with matched not heat-inactivated sera, thus determining higher diagnostic efficiency. We were able to confirm a positive correlation between ASST positive result and higher values of CD63%, CD63MFI and CD203cMFI expression. Overall, our flow cytometry assay results indicate that CD203c has higher sensitivity, CD63 has higher specificity, and diagnostic efficiency can be improved when CD63% and CD203cMFI results are combined. Moreover flow cytometry BAT gave more frequently positive result in patients with higher disease severity, lower basophil count and IgE values, higher auto-antibody positivity (anti-nuclear and anti-thyroid), although without statistically significant differences in many cases. In our assay, CD11b expression showed no modifications on atopic basophils after stimulation with tested agents, neither IgE-dependent nor IgE-independent; therefore it seemed to be not useful in BAT applied to the study of CU under these particular conditions. Reasons for this unexpected result are not clear, but reliability of our results is supported by the demonstration of a significant increase in CD11b expression on neutrophils after stimulation with fMLP and with sera from controls and ASST positive subjects under the same experimental conditions. Finally we provided new evidences that plasma does not exert a stimulatory effect on basophils in vitro. These results were unexpected because many observations suggested a theoretical higher stimulatory effect for plasma as compared with serum, although other authors recently showed that serum and plasma were comparable for skin testing but serum was better than plasma for in vitro assays; indeed, both specimens induced histamine release from donor basophils, but serum gave more frequently positive results. The reason for this difference is not clear, although the presence of citrate in plasma may increase the threshold necessary for histamine release from donor basophils. In particular, in our assay basophils exposure to plasma determined a decrease in CD63 expression and a slight increase in CD203c expression; both these changes were more pronounced for plasma from ASST+ CU patients. Thus, these results further underline the differences between CD63 and CD203c as activation markers and recall the possible involvement of plasma coagulation factors in urticaria pathogenesis.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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