Il principale obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è lo studio del ruolo giocato da un ponte disolfuro sulle proprietà di legame di una proteina citosolica, la Liver Bile Acid Binding Protein (L-BABP), nella quale è naturalmente presente. In particolare si vuole far luce sulle capacità della proteina di legare Acidi Biliari (BA) e sulle sue proprietà funzionali. Gli acidi biliari circolano tra il fegato e l’intestino attraverso un meccanismo definito “circolazione enteroepatica”, il quale è fortemente regolato dagli stessi acidi biliari. Gli acidi biliari sono infatti in grado di influenzare l’espressione di numerosi geni coinvolti nella loro sintesi e nel loro trasporto, mediante un legame con recettori di acidi biliari intracellulari primari, quali il recettore farnesoide X (FXR). La comprensione del meccanismo che regola l’interazione di trasportatori intracellulari con acidi biliari è un passaggio chiave per la costruzione di un modello rappresentativo del trasferimento di BAs dal citoplasma al nucleo e potrebbe essere utilizzato per lo studio di agenti terapeutici applicabili nel trattamento di disordini metabolici, quali l’obesità, il diabete di tipo 2, l’iperlipidemia e l’aterosclerosi. Per raggiungere una dettagliata descrizione dal punto di vista molecolare e della dinamica coinvolta nella formazione di un complesso ternario, tra L-BABP e due molecole di acidi biliari, è stata utilizzata la spettroscopia NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), parallelamente ad un’analisi cinetica e termodinamica, specificatamente implementata per questi studi. Nello specifico, mediante la Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare, sono state studiate le proprietà strutturali, di interazione e di dinamica di due forme di L-BABP di pollo, diverse tra loro per la presenza/assenza di un ponte disolfuro. Le interazioni proteina/ligando caratteristiche del complesso sono state studiate arricchendo alternativamente la proteina ed il ligando, con isotopi NMR attivi. La proteina è stata titolata aggiungendo concentrazioni sempre crescenti dell’acido glico-colico (GCA) e glico-chenodeossicolico (GCDA), arricchiti in 15N, in modo da poter seguire la variazione delle loro risonanze attraverso l’acquisizione e l’analisi di numerosi spettri NMR (HSQC, DOSY). I dati ottenuti hanno permesso di determinare la stechiometria di legame e i fenomeni di scambio, ma non sono risultati sufficienti per ricavare informazioni dettagliate sull’affinità, la cooperatività e i meccanismi di legame. Si è quindi deciso di analizzare la variazione dei segnali NMR in funzione della concentrazione di ligando per fare maggiore chiarezza sul meccanismo di interazione tra L-BABP e gli acidi biliari. A questo scopo, sono stati recentemente riportati, nuovi approcci NMR per lo studio delle interazioni proteina/ligandi che avvengono nella scala dei tempi dei micro- e millisecondi, che sfruttano l’analisi delle larghezze di riga ed esperimenti di “relaxation dispersion”. In particolare la combinazione di questi due approcci di indagine si sono rivelati utili per la comprensione della relazione esistente tra dinamica e funzione della proteina. Studi di rilassamento 15N, effettuati sulla proteina apo, hanno rivelato la presenza di moti lenti, nella scala dei tempi de micro- millisecondi. La principale domanda a cui si vuole rispondere è se tali moti sono essenziali per il legame con gli acidi biliari, se portano a conformazioni competenti all’inserimento dei ligandi e se sono influenzati dalla presenza del ponte disolfuro. L’analisi delle larghezze di riga, estratte dagli esperimenti di titolazione, effettuati sulla proteina arricchita isotopicamente in 15N, con successive aggiunte di GCDA, e gli esperimenti di “relaxation dispersion” hanno permesso di individuare un meccanismo di legame a più stadi e di ricavare alcune delle costanti cinetiche coinvolte.
The aim of this thesis is to understand the role played by a naturally occurring disulphide bridge on the bile acid (BA) binding and functional properties of cytosolic Liver Bile Acid Binding Protein (L-BABP). Bile acids circulate between liver and intestine through a mechanism defined as “enterohepatic circulation”, which is a tightly regulated process, particularly by BAs themselves. Indeed BAs are able to influence the expression of numerous genes involved in their synthesis and transport by binding to the primary intracellular nuclear bile acid receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Understanding the mechanism regulating the interactions of intracellular carriers with bile acid is a key step to provide a model for the transfer of BAs from cytoplasm to the nucleus and can be used to inspire design of therapeutic agents in the treatment of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis. To achieve a detailed molecular and dynamical description of the binding mechanism driving to the formation of the ternary complex of L-BABPs with two BA molecules, spectroscopic methods together with kinetic and thermodynamic analysis have been applied and implemented. In particular structural, dynamical and interaction properties of two forms of chicken L-BABP (cL-BABP), differing by the presence/absence of a naturally occurring disulphide bridge, have been investigated through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) approaches. The study of protein-ligand interactions by NMR was performed analysing complexes where, alternatively, either the protein or the ligand were isotopically labelled. 15N enriched glycocholic (GCA) and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDA), two of the most important members of bile salts pool, were employed for protein titrations and their resonances followed through the acquisition and analysis of several NMR experiments (HSQC, DOSY). The obtained results shed light on binding stoichiometry and ligand exchange phenomena but were not sufficient to derive detailed information on affinity, cooperativity and binding mechanism. Thus NMR lineshape analysis as a function of ligand concentration was chosen as an appropriate tool to investigate the complex interaction mechanism within the cL-BABP/BA system. In this line, new NMR approaches have been recently described which allow a reliable and sensitive investigation of ligand binding events occurring on microsecond to millisecond (μs-ms) time scales using lineshape and relaxation dispersion experiments[1]. Particularly, the combination of these NMR methods can be useful in the study of complex multi-step mechanisms, allowing the correlation between protein dynamics and function[2]. 15N relaxation studies, performed on the apo-protein, revealed the presence of slow motions occurring on the microseconds-milliseconds timescale. The central question to be addressed is here whether these motions are essential for ligand uptake, how they can eventually lead to conformations competent for binding and how they are influenced by the presence of the disulfide bridge. The analysis of titration experiments of 15N labelled protein with unlabelled GCDA through lineshape analysis and relaxation dispersion allowed to define a multi-step binding mechanism for bile salt binding to liver BABPs and to provide an estimate of the kinetics involved.
NMR study of chicken Liver Bile Acid Binding Protein: interaction and dynamics.
COGLIATI, CLELIA
2010-01-01
Abstract
The aim of this thesis is to understand the role played by a naturally occurring disulphide bridge on the bile acid (BA) binding and functional properties of cytosolic Liver Bile Acid Binding Protein (L-BABP). Bile acids circulate between liver and intestine through a mechanism defined as “enterohepatic circulation”, which is a tightly regulated process, particularly by BAs themselves. Indeed BAs are able to influence the expression of numerous genes involved in their synthesis and transport by binding to the primary intracellular nuclear bile acid receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Understanding the mechanism regulating the interactions of intracellular carriers with bile acid is a key step to provide a model for the transfer of BAs from cytoplasm to the nucleus and can be used to inspire design of therapeutic agents in the treatment of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis. To achieve a detailed molecular and dynamical description of the binding mechanism driving to the formation of the ternary complex of L-BABPs with two BA molecules, spectroscopic methods together with kinetic and thermodynamic analysis have been applied and implemented. In particular structural, dynamical and interaction properties of two forms of chicken L-BABP (cL-BABP), differing by the presence/absence of a naturally occurring disulphide bridge, have been investigated through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) approaches. The study of protein-ligand interactions by NMR was performed analysing complexes where, alternatively, either the protein or the ligand were isotopically labelled. 15N enriched glycocholic (GCA) and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDA), two of the most important members of bile salts pool, were employed for protein titrations and their resonances followed through the acquisition and analysis of several NMR experiments (HSQC, DOSY). The obtained results shed light on binding stoichiometry and ligand exchange phenomena but were not sufficient to derive detailed information on affinity, cooperativity and binding mechanism. Thus NMR lineshape analysis as a function of ligand concentration was chosen as an appropriate tool to investigate the complex interaction mechanism within the cL-BABP/BA system. In this line, new NMR approaches have been recently described which allow a reliable and sensitive investigation of ligand binding events occurring on microsecond to millisecond (μs-ms) time scales using lineshape and relaxation dispersion experiments[1]. Particularly, the combination of these NMR methods can be useful in the study of complex multi-step mechanisms, allowing the correlation between protein dynamics and function[2]. 15N relaxation studies, performed on the apo-protein, revealed the presence of slow motions occurring on the microseconds-milliseconds timescale. The central question to be addressed is here whether these motions are essential for ligand uptake, how they can eventually lead to conformations competent for binding and how they are influenced by the presence of the disulfide bridge. The analysis of titration experiments of 15N labelled protein with unlabelled GCDA through lineshape analysis and relaxation dispersion allowed to define a multi-step binding mechanism for bile salt binding to liver BABPs and to provide an estimate of the kinetics involved.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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