Scopo: La letteratura che si richiama alla teoria dell’attaccamento ha da tempo evidenziato che il rapporto madre-figlio costituisce una base sicura da cui il bambino parte per fare esperienza del mondo (Bowlby, 1969). La delicata questione del legame genitori-figli e soprattutto la specificità della relazione di attaccamento sembra avere un impatto fondamentale, sia nello sviluppo delle relazioni interpersonali che sullo sviluppo della psicopatologia nell’arco della vita (Bowlby 1971, 1973,1980, 1982). Un legame disfunzionale con le figure genitoriali può essere concettualizzato come un evento traumatico di per sé o agire da fattore di vulnerabilità nei confronti degli eventi traumatici di vita. Successivamente a Bowlby, un numero crescente di ricerche ha dimostrato l’associazione tra lo stile di attaccamento insicuro e diverse forme di psicopatologia (Dozier, Stovall & Albus, 1999). Molti autori si sono concentrati sull’approfondimento delle tematiche riguardanti il significato delle relazioni precoci nelle psicosi (Berry et al., 2007, Fairleyet al., 1982; Vaughn & Leff, 1976). Recenti sviluppi di ricerca in quest’ambito hanno permesso di approfondire ulteriormente le possibili implicazioni dell’attaccamento nella psicopatologia e nel trattamento dei disturbi psicotici. Il presente lavoro vuole indagare se uno stile genitoriale disfunzionale si associ a: 1. un peggiore adattamento premorboso 2. una maggiore gravità psicopatologica 3. una maggiore disabilità sociale. Metodo: Il presente lavoro è stato condotto all’interno del Progetto PICOS-Veneto (Psychosis Incident Cohort Outcome Study), uno studio multicentrico regionale che ha tra gli obiettivi quello di caratterizzare il decorso delle psicosi all’esordio e sviluppare un modello predittivo dell’esito. Lo studio si svolge su un’area di 3.800.000 abitanti, ed è uno degli studi più ampi presenti in letteratura. Il periodo di reclutamento è iniziato nel 2005 ed è durato fino al 2008. I criteri di inclusione sono stati: età compresa tra i 15 ed i 54 anni, risiedere nell’area del Veneto, avere almeno uno dei sintomi positivi della PANSS e/o due sintomi negativi, essere al primo contatto con i servizi psichiatrici, non avere malattie organiche. È stato ottenuto di volta in volta un consenso informato firmato dal paziente, che includesse anche il permesso di contattare i familiari per la parte relativa alla compilazione delle scale di misura di loro pertinenza. Il Progetto è realizzato con un disegno longitudinale prospettico, che prevede una serie di valutazioni al baseline, a 1 anno, a 2 anni, a 5 anni ed è composto da una struttura “modulare” che si articola su tre differenti aspetti. I soggetti all’esordio sono stati valutati con una serie di strumenti, tra cui il Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) per la valutazione dello stile genitoriale. L’adattamento premorboso è stato valutato mediante la Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS), la psicopatologia con la Positive and Negative Sindrome Scale (PANSS) e la disabilità con la Disability Assessment Schedule (WHO-DAS II). Risultati: Rispetto al campione complessivo PICOS, una sottopopolazione di 249 pazienti ha compilato lo strumento per la valutazione degli stili parentali (PBI) e rappresenta il campione sul quale sono state condotte le analisi della presente trattazione. Come ci si poteva attendere, una differenza significativa è stata osservata per la nazionalità, con un tasso di compilazione del PBI nettamente più elevato per i soggetti di nazionalità italiana (73.7%) rispetto ai soggetti di nazionalità non italiana (48.7%). Per quanto riguarda l’età d’esordio e la DUP, è stata osservata una differenza significativa tra coloro che hanno compilato il PBI e coloro che non l’hanno compilato. Complessivamente sembra di poter concludere che elementi legati ad una predominanza di sintomatologia negativa (età d’esordio elevata, DUP lunga e DAS elevata in aree specifiche), si relazionino ad una propensione minore del paziente a fornire informazioni rispetto al legame genitoriale materno. Conclusioni: Il ruolo dello stile di attaccamento potrebbe rivelarsi fin dalle prime fasi dello sviluppo, evidenziando un deficit di funzionamento nei soggetti che abbiano sviluppato uno stile di attaccamento disfunzionale con la figura di riferimento principale. I patterns di attaccamento insicuro (affectionless control) costituiscono la maggioranza del campione ed è pertanto ragionevole ipotizzare una relazione eziopatologica con le psicosi. Inoltre, abbiamo osservato che la combinazione di accudimento/controllo influisce sul funzionamento nelle prime fasi dello sviluppo. Il gruppo più rappresentativo nel nostro campione è l’affectionless control, ma molte variabili, sia dell’ambiente familiare, come alti livelli di emotività espressa, che sociale, correlano con la patologia psicotica. I nostri dati confermano l’importanza dello stile di relazione genitoriale, in particolare quello materno, nel condizionare le fasi di vita premorbosa dei pazienti che sviluppano una psicosi e l’importanza, ai fini di prevenzione primaria e secondaria, di avviare iniziative mirate alla genitorialità.
Aims: Attachment theory had a significant impact on research and may help us in understanding the relationship deficit observed in psychotic patients. In the last years, research and clinical practice focused on a critical intervention area represented by early onset psychosis. The psychosis are characterized, since the onset, by symptoms and social disability, by a worsening trend while the disease advances. The attachment patterns are significantly related with the development of psychosis, and they can condition the course and onset of the illness. For instance, different attachment styles during the childhood could influence, on the adulthood, the mode of illness onset and, ultimately, the prognosis. The concept of attachment derives from Bowlby’s attachment theory, which has had considerable impact on research in developmental psychology. Based on the attachment theory, specific bonding patterns in the early life stages may be key factors for the development of mental disorders in the adulthood. Few research has been conducted on the relationship between parental bonding and the development of psychosis. This study aims to evaluate, in first-episode psychosis patients, if a dysfunctional parental style is associated with: 1) a worse premorbid functioning in childhood and adolescence 2) greater severity in psychopathology 3) a worse social disability since the illness onset. Method: Patients were assessed with a set of standardized measures:Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), the Premorbid Social Adjustment Scale (PSA), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Disability Assessment Schedule (WHO-DAS II), to assess, respectively, perception of parental styles, premorbid adjustment, psychopathology and social disability. Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI; Parker et al., 1979; Favaretto et al., 2001), for parental behavoiur and style evaluation About the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), the main instrument investigated, it’s a measures the perception of being parented up to the age of 16 years. Low scores on the care dimension and high scores on the overprotection dimension are considered to be risk factors of depression. While the PBI has been shown to be a reliable and valid instrument, the stability of the PBI over extended periods (taking into account individual characteristics and life experience) has yet to be demonstrated. Two scales termed ‘care’ and ‘overprotection’ or ‘control’, measure fundamental parental styles as perceived by the child. The measure is ‘retrospective’, meaning that adults (over 16 years) complete the measure for how they remember their parents during their first 16 years. The measure is to be completed for both mothers and fathers separately. There are 25 item questions, including 12 ‘care’ items and 13 ‘overprotection’ items. Results: according with literature date, in our sample, the affectionless control style, (high protection e low care) is the most representative in the psychotic patients, (n=120 that is the 48.4%). The optimal style called in literature optimal parenting, characterized by high care e low protection, in our sample is reported only by 44 subjects, that are 17.7% . High care’s levels and high protection’s level, characterizing the affectionless control style, are reported by 53 subjects, that’s the 21.4% of our sample. Low care and low protection, negletful parenting style, characterize the 31 subjects, that’s the 12.5% of our sample. The four quadrants of Parker are represented here, considering the cut-off expected in the literature, or 27 for size 13.5 for the care and protection dimensions. Conclusions: This preliminary results seem to confirm the relevance of the maternal care style in conditioning the first phases of premorbid life in the patients that later will develop a psychosis. In our sample, the so called Affectionless Control style seems to characterize high psychopathology levels and disability at the onset, and is associated with more severe symptoms in specific areas. It is important to note that Care dimension, described by Parker, is the common indicator at the bottom of the psychopathology. This preliminary results, suggest the opportunity to start educational programs focusing on parental style. Psychosis vulnerability is a complex puzzle with many parts still unexplored. More research is needed to clarify the role of each single risk factor and the links between them.
Quale rapporto tra stile di cure genitoriali, caratteristiche premorbose e presentazione clinica nei pazienti psicotici all’esordio di malattia ?
BISSOLI, Sarah Saviana
2010-01-01
Abstract
Aims: Attachment theory had a significant impact on research and may help us in understanding the relationship deficit observed in psychotic patients. In the last years, research and clinical practice focused on a critical intervention area represented by early onset psychosis. The psychosis are characterized, since the onset, by symptoms and social disability, by a worsening trend while the disease advances. The attachment patterns are significantly related with the development of psychosis, and they can condition the course and onset of the illness. For instance, different attachment styles during the childhood could influence, on the adulthood, the mode of illness onset and, ultimately, the prognosis. The concept of attachment derives from Bowlby’s attachment theory, which has had considerable impact on research in developmental psychology. Based on the attachment theory, specific bonding patterns in the early life stages may be key factors for the development of mental disorders in the adulthood. Few research has been conducted on the relationship between parental bonding and the development of psychosis. This study aims to evaluate, in first-episode psychosis patients, if a dysfunctional parental style is associated with: 1) a worse premorbid functioning in childhood and adolescence 2) greater severity in psychopathology 3) a worse social disability since the illness onset. Method: Patients were assessed with a set of standardized measures:Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), the Premorbid Social Adjustment Scale (PSA), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Disability Assessment Schedule (WHO-DAS II), to assess, respectively, perception of parental styles, premorbid adjustment, psychopathology and social disability. Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI; Parker et al., 1979; Favaretto et al., 2001), for parental behavoiur and style evaluation About the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), the main instrument investigated, it’s a measures the perception of being parented up to the age of 16 years. Low scores on the care dimension and high scores on the overprotection dimension are considered to be risk factors of depression. While the PBI has been shown to be a reliable and valid instrument, the stability of the PBI over extended periods (taking into account individual characteristics and life experience) has yet to be demonstrated. Two scales termed ‘care’ and ‘overprotection’ or ‘control’, measure fundamental parental styles as perceived by the child. The measure is ‘retrospective’, meaning that adults (over 16 years) complete the measure for how they remember their parents during their first 16 years. The measure is to be completed for both mothers and fathers separately. There are 25 item questions, including 12 ‘care’ items and 13 ‘overprotection’ items. Results: according with literature date, in our sample, the affectionless control style, (high protection e low care) is the most representative in the psychotic patients, (n=120 that is the 48.4%). The optimal style called in literature optimal parenting, characterized by high care e low protection, in our sample is reported only by 44 subjects, that are 17.7% . High care’s levels and high protection’s level, characterizing the affectionless control style, are reported by 53 subjects, that’s the 21.4% of our sample. Low care and low protection, negletful parenting style, characterize the 31 subjects, that’s the 12.5% of our sample. The four quadrants of Parker are represented here, considering the cut-off expected in the literature, or 27 for size 13.5 for the care and protection dimensions. Conclusions: This preliminary results seem to confirm the relevance of the maternal care style in conditioning the first phases of premorbid life in the patients that later will develop a psychosis. In our sample, the so called Affectionless Control style seems to characterize high psychopathology levels and disability at the onset, and is associated with more severe symptoms in specific areas. It is important to note that Care dimension, described by Parker, is the common indicator at the bottom of the psychopathology. This preliminary results, suggest the opportunity to start educational programs focusing on parental style. Psychosis vulnerability is a complex puzzle with many parts still unexplored. More research is needed to clarify the role of each single risk factor and the links between them.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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