Le Ceroido Lipofuscinosi Neuronali (CLN) sono un gruppo di malattie degenerative dell’infanzia che colpiscono principalmente il sistema nervoso centrale (SNC). Le CLN appartengo al più vasto gruppo di patologie metaboliche da accumulo lisosomiale e sono caratterizzate dalla persistenza nel citoplasma di cellule neuronali, ma anche di altri tessuti periferici, di materiale di origine endo-lisosomiale che assume specifiche caratteristiche all’analisi ultrastrutturale. Le CLN possono interessare primariamente o secondariamente il compartimento lisosomiale, in quanto le proteine mutate nelle diverse forme di CLN sono localizzate non solo nei lisosomi, ma anche in altre strutture citoplasmatiche della cellula, quali ad esempio il reticolo endoplasmico. Attualmente, attraverso l’utilizzo di criteri clinici, patologici e molecolari, si possono distinguere dieci diverse forme di CLN; inoltre, sono stati finora clonati otto geni-malattia, codificanti per proteine a diversa localizzazione cellulare, le cui funzioni non sono ancora del tutto ben caratterizzate. Pertanto il termine CLN indica un gruppo eterogeneo di malattie neuro-degenerative, geneticamente determinate, che conducono prevalentemente ad un progressiva perdita di cellule neuronali. Un’importante tematica oggetto di studio nel campo delle CLN è la comprensione di quali meccanismi cellulari siano coinvolti in questo processo di morte neuronale, che nelle forme più gravi si manifesta nell’arco di pochi anni dall’insorgenza dei primi sintomi clinici. Lavori recenti hanno posto l’attenzione sugli effetti patogenetici che gli accumuli endo-lisosomiali possono avere sull’omeostasi e la sopravvivenza cellulare, dimostrando anche un coinvolgimento della via apototica caspasi-dipendente. Inoltre si sta cercando di comprendere meglio il ruolo dell’autofagia in questo processo di degenerazione, poiché esistono evidenze di un’attivazione di tale processo sia su campioni bioptici umani che in modelli sperimentali di malattia. L’obiettivo di questo progetto di dottorato è stato quello di analizzare il comportamento cellulare in vitro di linee di fibroblasti umani, derivate da biopsie cutanee di pazienti affetti da forme geneticamente determinate di CLN, in particolare dalle forme CLN1, CLN3, CLN5, CLN6 e CLN7. Tali linee di fibroblasti umani sono state analizzate in un protocollo di ‘crescita protratta’ allo scopo di determinare quali risposte cellulari possano attivarsi per far fronte a questo processo di invecchiamento cellulare ‘forzato’ in vitro, condizione che stressa il compartimento endo-lisosomiale già coinvolto nella malattia. Abbiamo posto l’attenzione principalmente sull’evoluzione del sistema endo-lisosomiale durante la crescita protratta in vitro; allo stesso tempo abbiamo analizzato la funzionalità mitocondriale e l’eventuale attivazione della via apoptotica. A tali scopi sono state impiegate sia metodiche morfologiche che biochimiche. L’indagine morfologica del compartimento endo-lisosomiale ha rivelato che l’invecchiamento cellulare delle colture CLN era associato ad un progressivo accumulo di elementi lisosomiali (corpi lisosomiali, autolisosomi e vacuoli otticamente vuoti), in misura diversa rispetto alle cellule di controllo. Inoltre si è potuto osservare che le colture CLN1 mostravano un diverso comportamento nel processo di accumulo citoplasmatico di corpi densi e di vacuoli a singola membrana rispetto alle altre colture CLN. In alcuni casi di specifiche forme, quali CLN3 e CLN6, l’indagine ultrastrutturale ha permesso di rilevare strutture a doppia membrana, gli autofagosomi, e questa evidenza ci ha condotti ad analizzare anche il processo dell’autofagia, che è risultata essere attivata in diverse linee cellulari, indipendentemente dalla specifica forma di CLN o dalla gravità della mutazione. Inoltre le alterazioni morfologiche del compartimento endo-lisosomiale, che avvengono nelle colture NCL, inducono una frammentazione del reticolo mitocondriale e una redistribuzione dei mitocondri polarizzati. Tuttavia, in condizioni basali non abbiamo mai osservato evidenze di attivazione della via apoptotica caspasi-dipendente in nessuna delle linee cellulari analizzate. Ciò nonostante, il trattamento con un agente chimico pro-apoptotico, la Staurosporina, ha rilevato una diversa attivazione della via apoptotica caspasi-3 mediata in almeno 2 linee CLN1 rispetto alle altre linee CLN e a quelle di controllo. I risultati emersi da questo studio suggeriscono che il processo autofagico è attivato nei fibroblasti CLN, probabilmente come meccanismo cellulare di recupero per far fronte allo ‘stress’ del compartimento endo-lisosomiale, accentuato dalla crescita prolungata in vitro. Allo stesso tempo i mitocondri, organelli essenziali per la sopravvivenza cellulare, sono secondariamente coinvolti in questo modello in vitro, mentre le evidenze indirette di un coinvolgimento della via apoptotica solo nelle linee di CLN1 sembrano essere in accordo con recenti lavori scientifici, che hanno sottolineato il ruolo dell’apoptosi nella patogenesi di questo gruppo di malattie.
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are degenerative disorders of childhood, which affect the central nervous system (CNS). NCL belong to the wider group of lysosomal storage diseases and they are characterized by the accumulation of endo-lysosomal material with specific ultrastructural features, both in neuronal cells and other peripheral tissues. NCL arise from either primary or secondary involvement of the lysosomal compartment, since mutated NCL proteins reside not only in the lysosomes but also in other cellular structures, such as the endoplasmic reticulum. Over last 30 year ten NCL forms have been identified according to clinical, pathological and molecular criteria; moreover, eight NCL genes have been cloned, coding for proteins of specific and different functions. Therefore, today, NCL represents the acronym of a group of genetically different disorders of the CNS, leading to progressive shrinkage of the brain. The main issue in the NCL pathology is the comprehension of which cellular mechanisms are involved in neuronal cell death in these conditions. Recently the attention has been addressed mainly to the pathogenetic role that the abnormal storage may exert on the cellular homeostasis and survival, even through apoptotic cell death. Moreover, a role for autophagy is also under scrutiny, since morphological and molecular evidences suggest the activation of this cellular mechanism both in humans and animal models of disease. The aim of this doctorate project was to analyze in vitro the cellular behaviour of human genetically determined NCL fibroblasts derived from skin biopsies of patients affected with NCL forms, harbouring mutations on CLN1, CLN3, CLN5, CLN6 and CLN7 genes. Specifically, fibroblasts cell lines were analyzed in a ‘prolonged culture paradigm’ in order to assess which cellular responses could be activated by NCL cells, carrying a pre-existing endo-lysosomal dysfunction, to cope with the aging process in vitro. We focused our attention principally on the evolution of the endo-lysosomal system during the prolonged growth; at the same time, we checked the mitochondria functionality and the activation of the apoptotic pathway. Both morphological and biochemical tools were used. The morphological investigation of the endo-lysosomal system revealed that the aging of NCL cultures was associated with a progressive accumulation of lysosomal elements (lysosomal bodies, autolysosomes and empty vacuoles) in different manner as compared to controls. Furthermore, a different behaviour in the accumulation process of dense bodies and single membrane vacuoles was seen between CLN1 and the other forms. The detection of autophagosomes led to investigate the autophagic pathway, that was found to be activated in several cell lines, regardless the NCL forms and the severity of mutation. Moreover, the morphological alterations of the endo-lysosomal compartment occurring in all NCL cell lines affected the mitochondrial network and the distribution of polarized mitochondria as well. No evidences of apoptotic activation were seen under basal conditions during the prolonged growth in all the cell lines analyzed. However, the treatment with the apoptotic chemical inducer Staurosporine revealed a different activation of the caspase-3 dependent apoptosis in two CLN1 lines as compared to the other NCL forms and controls. These results suggested that autophagy is activated in NCL fibroblasts, probably as a rescue cellular program to cope with the endo-lysosomal stress, intensified by the prolonged growth in vitro. At the same time, mitochondria, a vital compartment for the cell survival, were secondary affected in this in vitro model, whereas the indirect evidence of involved apoptotic pathway in CLN1 only seems to be consistent with recent scientific reports.
Behaviour of endo-lysosomal and mitochondrial compartments in human NCL fibroblasts in vitro
PEZZINI, Francesco
2010-01-01
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are degenerative disorders of childhood, which affect the central nervous system (CNS). NCL belong to the wider group of lysosomal storage diseases and they are characterized by the accumulation of endo-lysosomal material with specific ultrastructural features, both in neuronal cells and other peripheral tissues. NCL arise from either primary or secondary involvement of the lysosomal compartment, since mutated NCL proteins reside not only in the lysosomes but also in other cellular structures, such as the endoplasmic reticulum. Over last 30 year ten NCL forms have been identified according to clinical, pathological and molecular criteria; moreover, eight NCL genes have been cloned, coding for proteins of specific and different functions. Therefore, today, NCL represents the acronym of a group of genetically different disorders of the CNS, leading to progressive shrinkage of the brain. The main issue in the NCL pathology is the comprehension of which cellular mechanisms are involved in neuronal cell death in these conditions. Recently the attention has been addressed mainly to the pathogenetic role that the abnormal storage may exert on the cellular homeostasis and survival, even through apoptotic cell death. Moreover, a role for autophagy is also under scrutiny, since morphological and molecular evidences suggest the activation of this cellular mechanism both in humans and animal models of disease. The aim of this doctorate project was to analyze in vitro the cellular behaviour of human genetically determined NCL fibroblasts derived from skin biopsies of patients affected with NCL forms, harbouring mutations on CLN1, CLN3, CLN5, CLN6 and CLN7 genes. Specifically, fibroblasts cell lines were analyzed in a ‘prolonged culture paradigm’ in order to assess which cellular responses could be activated by NCL cells, carrying a pre-existing endo-lysosomal dysfunction, to cope with the aging process in vitro. We focused our attention principally on the evolution of the endo-lysosomal system during the prolonged growth; at the same time, we checked the mitochondria functionality and the activation of the apoptotic pathway. Both morphological and biochemical tools were used. The morphological investigation of the endo-lysosomal system revealed that the aging of NCL cultures was associated with a progressive accumulation of lysosomal elements (lysosomal bodies, autolysosomes and empty vacuoles) in different manner as compared to controls. Furthermore, a different behaviour in the accumulation process of dense bodies and single membrane vacuoles was seen between CLN1 and the other forms. The detection of autophagosomes led to investigate the autophagic pathway, that was found to be activated in several cell lines, regardless the NCL forms and the severity of mutation. Moreover, the morphological alterations of the endo-lysosomal compartment occurring in all NCL cell lines affected the mitochondrial network and the distribution of polarized mitochondria as well. No evidences of apoptotic activation were seen under basal conditions during the prolonged growth in all the cell lines analyzed. However, the treatment with the apoptotic chemical inducer Staurosporine revealed a different activation of the caspase-3 dependent apoptosis in two CLN1 lines as compared to the other NCL forms and controls. These results suggested that autophagy is activated in NCL fibroblasts, probably as a rescue cellular program to cope with the endo-lysosomal stress, intensified by the prolonged growth in vitro. At the same time, mitochondria, a vital compartment for the cell survival, were secondary affected in this in vitro model, whereas the indirect evidence of involved apoptotic pathway in CLN1 only seems to be consistent with recent scientific reports.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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