L’immunoterapia basata sull’utilizzo di anticorpi non coniugati, coniugati a tossine o radiomarcati, che riconoscono antigeni associati a tumore, è promettente per la cura di tumori solidi o ematici. Un possibile target per l’immunoterapia potrebbe essere il prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), un antigene appartenente alla famiglia delle “GPIanchored protein”. Il PSCA è un antigene di superficie espresso a bassi livelli nel tessuto prostatico sano ed over espresso nel tumore prostatico, pancreatico e della vescica. L’espressione di PSCA è inoltre correlata positivamente a “Gleason score” e allo stadio della patologia nel tumore prostatico. Il presente lavoro di tesi descrive la generazione e caratterizzazione di un anticorpo monoclonale murino anti PSCA (mAb), ottenuta tramite la tecnologia dell’ibridoma, e del suo frammento anticorpale a singola catena (scFv), generato clonando la regione variabile della catena leggera (VL) e della catena pesante (VH) nel vettore di espressione pHEN-2. Tramite citofluorimetria è stato dimostrato che l’anticorpo monoclinale possiede una buona affinità e specificità di legame all’antigene. Il potenziale diagnostico dell’anticorpo è stato dimostrato tramite Western Blot su lisati di tessuti neoplastici di prostrata e pancreas, in cui l’anticorpo è in grado di legare l’antigene denaturato e glicosilato, e tramite ELISA, in cui l’anticorpo si lega all’antigene espresso da cellule precedentemente fissate. Il potenziale terapeutico dell’anticorpo è stato valutato tramite saggio di proliferazione: l’anticorpo da solo non è in grado di indurre morte cellulare tramite un meccanismo diretto, mentre in seguito a coniugazione chimica con la catena A della ricina (RTA) rivela effetto citotossico su cellule PC-3 hPSCA con IC50 (concentrazione in grado di inibire la massima proliferazione cellulare del 50%) pari a 1.3x10-9, valore 100 volte più piccolo di quello ottenuto con la sola tossina RTA. Il frammento scFv è stato prodotto nel ceppo batterico E. Coli. Mediante analisi citofluorimetrica su cellule PSCA positive e saggio immunoenzimatico sull’antigene ricombinante è stato verificato che il frammento anticorpale mantiene le stesse caratteristiche di specificità di legame all’antigene dell’anticorpo monoclinale parentale, ma possiede affinità minore. Quando l’ scFv viene reso bivalente, tramite il cross-linking dei monomeri utilizzando un anticorpo anti-myc, l’affinità raggiunge quasi quella dell’anticorpo parentale. Successivamente l’scFv è stato unito attraverso fusione genetica al dominio enzimatico della tossina batterica Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PE40). L’immunotossina risultante è espressa nel ceppo batterico E. Coli e si accumula nei corpi d’inclusione. L’analisi citofluorimetrica su cellule PSCA positive fatta utilizzando i corpi d’inclusione rinaturati e contenenti l’immunotossina di fusione ha confermato che l’interazione tra l’scFv e l’antigene viene conservata in seguito alla fusione con la tossina PE40. L’effetto citotossico dell’immunotossina purificata scFv-PE40 verrà valutata prima in vitro su linee cellulari PSCA positive e negative e poi in modelli in vivo che permetteranno di valutare anche eventuali effetti collaterali.
Antibody-based therapy using unconjugated, toxin-conjugated or radiolabeled immunoglobulins recognizing tumor-associated antigens has proven beneficial for solid and hematolymphoid neoplasms. A suitable target could be prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), a member of the “GPI-anchored protein”. PSCA is a cell surface-antigen expressed at low levels in normal prostate tissue and over expressed in prostate, pancreatic and bladder carcinomas. Moreover PSCA expression is positively correlated with Gleason score and with pathologic stage in prostate cancer. The present thesis describes the generation and characterization of the murine anti PSCA monoclonal antibody (mAb), obtained by hybridoma technology, and its fragment single chain (scFv), generated by cloning the variable heavy (VH) and light (VL) chain sequences in the expression vector pHEN-2. The mAb showed the ability to recognize with good affinity and specificity the native PSCA by flow cytometry. The diagnostic potential of the mAb was demonstrated by Western Blot performed with prostate and pancreatic neoplastic tissue lysates, showing the binding to denaturated and glycosylated PSCA, and by ELISA performed with fixed cells. The mAb was also assessed for its possible use in the therapeutic approach: the cell-proliferation assay demonstrated that the antibody alone is not able to induce cell death through a direct mechanism, while when it is conjugated to the ricin A chain toxin (RTA) by chemical linkage it can poison PC-3 hPSCA cells with an IC50 (i.e. concentration inhibiting 50% of the maximal cell proliferation) of 1.3x10-9 M, value 100 fold lower than the IC50 of the RTA toxin alone. The scFv was produced in E. Coli bacteria; flow cytometric analysis on PSCA-positive cells and immunoenzymatic assay on the recombinant antigen proved that the antibody fragment maintains the binding specificity of the parental monoclonal antibody. The affinity of the scFv is lower than the affinity of mAb but it is partially recovered making the scFv divalent by cross-linking the scFv monomers via an antibody-mediated myc- Tag interaction. To create a fusion immunotoxin (IT) the scFv was later genetically fused to the enzymatic domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PE40). The resulting IT was expressed in E. Coli bacteria and it is accumulated in the inclusion bodies. The flow cytometric analysis on PSCA-positive cells performed with the whole refolded inclusion bodies extract containing the fusion IT confirmed that the interaction of scFv with the PSCA is preserved after fusion to PE40. The efficacy of purified scFv-PE40 will be analyse in vitro on positive and negative cell lines and subsequently in vivo models which also will be useful to study the side effects of this new drug.
Prostate Stem Cell Antigen (PSCA): a putative target for immunotherapy and diagnosis in prostate, pancreatic and bladder carcinoma
CREMONESE, Giorgia
2010-01-01
Abstract
Antibody-based therapy using unconjugated, toxin-conjugated or radiolabeled immunoglobulins recognizing tumor-associated antigens has proven beneficial for solid and hematolymphoid neoplasms. A suitable target could be prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), a member of the “GPI-anchored protein”. PSCA is a cell surface-antigen expressed at low levels in normal prostate tissue and over expressed in prostate, pancreatic and bladder carcinomas. Moreover PSCA expression is positively correlated with Gleason score and with pathologic stage in prostate cancer. The present thesis describes the generation and characterization of the murine anti PSCA monoclonal antibody (mAb), obtained by hybridoma technology, and its fragment single chain (scFv), generated by cloning the variable heavy (VH) and light (VL) chain sequences in the expression vector pHEN-2. The mAb showed the ability to recognize with good affinity and specificity the native PSCA by flow cytometry. The diagnostic potential of the mAb was demonstrated by Western Blot performed with prostate and pancreatic neoplastic tissue lysates, showing the binding to denaturated and glycosylated PSCA, and by ELISA performed with fixed cells. The mAb was also assessed for its possible use in the therapeutic approach: the cell-proliferation assay demonstrated that the antibody alone is not able to induce cell death through a direct mechanism, while when it is conjugated to the ricin A chain toxin (RTA) by chemical linkage it can poison PC-3 hPSCA cells with an IC50 (i.e. concentration inhibiting 50% of the maximal cell proliferation) of 1.3x10-9 M, value 100 fold lower than the IC50 of the RTA toxin alone. The scFv was produced in E. Coli bacteria; flow cytometric analysis on PSCA-positive cells and immunoenzymatic assay on the recombinant antigen proved that the antibody fragment maintains the binding specificity of the parental monoclonal antibody. The affinity of the scFv is lower than the affinity of mAb but it is partially recovered making the scFv divalent by cross-linking the scFv monomers via an antibody-mediated myc- Tag interaction. To create a fusion immunotoxin (IT) the scFv was later genetically fused to the enzymatic domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PE40). The resulting IT was expressed in E. Coli bacteria and it is accumulated in the inclusion bodies. The flow cytometric analysis on PSCA-positive cells performed with the whole refolded inclusion bodies extract containing the fusion IT confirmed that the interaction of scFv with the PSCA is preserved after fusion to PE40. The efficacy of purified scFv-PE40 will be analyse in vitro on positive and negative cell lines and subsequently in vivo models which also will be useful to study the side effects of this new drug.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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