Staminali neuronali adulte (NSC), sono state trovate nelle primcipali aree neurogeniche del cervello, per esempio ippocampo, regione subventricolare (SVZ), bulbi olfattivi, e in alcune regioni non neurogeniche come ad esempio il midollo spinale. Altre regioni del cervello possono ospitare nicchie di NSC e, in particolare, considerando il ruolo delle meningi nel corretto sviluppo della corteccia cerebrale, è nostro interesse esplorare la regione delle leptomeningi che si estende dall’aracnoide fino al primo strato della corteccia cerebrale. Lo scopo di questo progetto è caratterizzare le leptomeningi come potenziale nicchia di cellule staminali neuronali. La regione delle leptomeningi è stata caratterizzata mediante immunoistochimica, in ratti di diversa età, dall’embrione E20, a ratti in età postnatale P0, P15 e nell’adulto. Cellule positive per il marcatore di cellule staminali neuronali nestina, sono state individuate in leptomeninge. Queste cellule sono distribuite fuori dalla membrane basale (positive per il marker Laminina), come una popolazione distinta dagli astrociti (cellule GFAP positive) e dai precursori oligodendrocitari (cellule NG2 positive ), che risiedono nel tessuto circostante. Le cellule nestine positive sono state prelevate dale leptomeningi di ratti P0, P15 e adulti ed espanse in vitro. Le cellule così prelevate sono state espanse in aderenza come una popolazione omogena di cellule nestina positive. Se sottoposto a stimuli differentiativi neuranali, le cellule nestine positive sono in grado di differenziare principalmente in neuroni (positive per MAP2), ma anche in astrociti ed oligodendrociti (positive per O4). Come primo approcio di analisi funzionale delle cellule differenziate in vitro, è stata valutata la loro capacità di rispondere a stimuli depoarizzanti mediante calico imaging, dopo incubazione delle cellule con Fura2. I neuroni ottenuti dal differenziamento in vitro delle cellule nestine positive sono in grado di rispondere all’applicazione dell’agente depolarizzante KCl, suggerendo l’espressione di canali del calico voltaggio dipendenti, come i neuroni funzionali. Il potenziale differenziativo in vivo di queste cellule è stato valutato mediante infusione stereotassica in ippocampo di ratti adulti, di cellule nestine positive estratte dalle leptomeningi di ratti transgenici EGFP. L’ippocampo dei ratti iniettati sono stati analizzati mediante immunofluorescenza a due mesi dall’iniezione delle cellule EGFP. Circa metà delle cellule EGFP identificate in ippocampo esprimevano markers neuronali (DCX, MAP2, NeuN, Neurofilament-160, GAD67). Vista la persistenza di queste cellule nestina positive nelle meningi di ratto durante lo sviluppo fino all’età adulta, dato il loro potenziale proliferativo in vitro ed il loro potenziale differenziativo neuronale sia in vitro che in vivo, queste cellule sono state proposte come nuova entità con il nome di Leptomeningeal stem/progenitor cells (LeSC). Dall’anatomia delle meningi si evince che ricoprono l’intero sistema nervosa centrale, il che comprende anche il midollo spinale. Per questo motivo sono state analizzate anche le leptomeningi che ricoprono il midollo spinale. Come osservato in precedenza per il cervello, cellule positive per il marcatore delle cellule staminali neuronali nestina, sono state individuate in leptomeninge. Queste cellule sono distribuite fuori dalla membrane basale (positive per il marker Laminina), come una popolazione distinta dagli astrociti (cellule GFAP positive) e dai precursori oligodendrocitari (cellule NG2 positive ), che risiedono nel tessuto circostante. Un nuovo studio in collaborazione con la professoressa M. Schwartz group (Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel) è in corso sul potenziale ruolo del sistema immunitario nel regolare le leptomeningi ed in particolare le LeSC (come suggerito da precedenti pubblicazioni del gruppo della prof. Schwartz). Risultati preliminary sul confronto ex vivo della proliferazione delle LeSC in topi SCID e wt, mostrano una significativa diminuzione dl numero di LeSC nestinepositive in topi SCID. Nonostante questa diminuzione di cellule nestine positive, il numero totale di cellule che risiedono in leptomeninge è comparabile in entrambi I topi SCID e wt. E’ in corso una più estensiva caratterizzazione delle leptomeningi dei topi SCID e wt per capire la natura delle cellule nestine negative che risiedono nelle leptomeningi dei topi SCID. L’importanza delle LeSC risiede nella posizione facilmente raggiungibile rispetto alle già note nicchie di staminali neuronali, ed inoltre nell’elevato potenziale differenziativo neuronale. Queste peculiarità apriranno nuovi studi nell’ambito della medicina rigenerativa
Adult neural stem cells (NSC), have been found in the main neurogenic regions of brain, i.e. hippocampus, sub ventricular zone (SVZ), olfactory bulb, and in some non-neurogenic regions, i.e. spinal cord. Other brain sites could host NSC niches and, in particular, considering the role of meninges in correct cortex development we were interested in exploring the region residing between arachnoide and the first layers of the cerebral cortex, called Leptomeninges. Aim of this project is characterized the leptomeningeal compartment as potential niche for neural stem cells with ex vivo and in vitro approaches. The leptomeningeal compartment has been characterized by immunohistochemistry at different rat ages, from embryo E20, postnatal day 0 (P0), P15 and adult. We found a(nestin) neuro-epithelial stem cells marker positive cells layer with decreasing thickness from embryo up to adult. Nestin positive cells were distributed outside the basal lamina (marked by laminin), and as a distinct population from astrocytes (stained with GFAP) and oligodendrocytes (stained with NG2). Nestin positive cells were dissected and expanded in vitro from P0, P15 and adult rats leptomeninges. We were able to culture them as homogeneus nestin positive cells population in adherent condition In neuronal differentiating conditions, nestin positive cells mainly differentiate into MAP2 positive cells but also GFAP and O4 (marker for mature oligodendrocyte) positive cells were detected in culture. As a first level of functional evaluation of differentiated cells, their ability to depolarize has been analyzed by calcium imaging assay after Fura-2 loading. In vitro differentiated neurones responded to fast applications of the depolarizing agent KCl suggesting the expression of voltage dependent calcium channels, similar to that of functional neurons. As following step, the in vivo neuronal differentiation potential was assessed by infusion of expanded EGFP LeSC in rat hippocampus. Engrafted LeSC were monitored by immunofluorescence up two months and during this period LeSC were able to survive after injection. About half of EGFP cells engrafted in hippocampus, expressed neuronal markers (DCX, MAP2, NeuN, Neurofilament-160, GAD67) and shown differentiated neuronal morphology. Because of the persistence of these cells up to adulthood, their proliferation capability in vitro, and their differentiation potential into neuronal cells in vitro and in vivo, we suggest to name them leptomeningeal stem/progenitor cells (LeSC) as a new population never described before. Since meninges cover whole brain, also Leptomeninges from rat spinal cord has been analyzed. Nestin positive cells were distributed as previously observed in the brain, outside the basal lamina, and as a distinct population from astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Cells were dissected and kept in culture as neurosphere and resulted positive for nestin, MAP2, GFAP, O4, and Oct4. A new study In collaboration with professor M. Schwartz group (Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel) is ongoing to understand the potential role of immune system in regulating leptomeninges and LeSC (as suggested by previous publications from Schwartz’s group). Preliminary results Comparison of LeSC proliferation and nestin expression by immunohistochemistry in SCID vs wt mice, revealed a significant decrease of nestin positive LeSC in SCID mice. However total cell number and proliferating cells in leptomeninges were not changed. Further characterizations are ongoing to understand the phenotype of proliferating nestin negative cells in meninges. The importance of Leptomeningeal stem cells reside in the easier reachable localization compared to the already known neural stem cell niches, and in their high neuronal differentiation potential. These characteristics will open novel studies in regenerative medicine.
Characterization of new stem cell niches with neuronal differentiation potential.
BERSAN, Emanuela
2010-01-01
Abstract
Adult neural stem cells (NSC), have been found in the main neurogenic regions of brain, i.e. hippocampus, sub ventricular zone (SVZ), olfactory bulb, and in some non-neurogenic regions, i.e. spinal cord. Other brain sites could host NSC niches and, in particular, considering the role of meninges in correct cortex development we were interested in exploring the region residing between arachnoide and the first layers of the cerebral cortex, called Leptomeninges. Aim of this project is characterized the leptomeningeal compartment as potential niche for neural stem cells with ex vivo and in vitro approaches. The leptomeningeal compartment has been characterized by immunohistochemistry at different rat ages, from embryo E20, postnatal day 0 (P0), P15 and adult. We found a(nestin) neuro-epithelial stem cells marker positive cells layer with decreasing thickness from embryo up to adult. Nestin positive cells were distributed outside the basal lamina (marked by laminin), and as a distinct population from astrocytes (stained with GFAP) and oligodendrocytes (stained with NG2). Nestin positive cells were dissected and expanded in vitro from P0, P15 and adult rats leptomeninges. We were able to culture them as homogeneus nestin positive cells population in adherent condition In neuronal differentiating conditions, nestin positive cells mainly differentiate into MAP2 positive cells but also GFAP and O4 (marker for mature oligodendrocyte) positive cells were detected in culture. As a first level of functional evaluation of differentiated cells, their ability to depolarize has been analyzed by calcium imaging assay after Fura-2 loading. In vitro differentiated neurones responded to fast applications of the depolarizing agent KCl suggesting the expression of voltage dependent calcium channels, similar to that of functional neurons. As following step, the in vivo neuronal differentiation potential was assessed by infusion of expanded EGFP LeSC in rat hippocampus. Engrafted LeSC were monitored by immunofluorescence up two months and during this period LeSC were able to survive after injection. About half of EGFP cells engrafted in hippocampus, expressed neuronal markers (DCX, MAP2, NeuN, Neurofilament-160, GAD67) and shown differentiated neuronal morphology. Because of the persistence of these cells up to adulthood, their proliferation capability in vitro, and their differentiation potential into neuronal cells in vitro and in vivo, we suggest to name them leptomeningeal stem/progenitor cells (LeSC) as a new population never described before. Since meninges cover whole brain, also Leptomeninges from rat spinal cord has been analyzed. Nestin positive cells were distributed as previously observed in the brain, outside the basal lamina, and as a distinct population from astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Cells were dissected and kept in culture as neurosphere and resulted positive for nestin, MAP2, GFAP, O4, and Oct4. A new study In collaboration with professor M. Schwartz group (Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel) is ongoing to understand the potential role of immune system in regulating leptomeninges and LeSC (as suggested by previous publications from Schwartz’s group). Preliminary results Comparison of LeSC proliferation and nestin expression by immunohistochemistry in SCID vs wt mice, revealed a significant decrease of nestin positive LeSC in SCID mice. However total cell number and proliferating cells in leptomeninges were not changed. Further characterizations are ongoing to understand the phenotype of proliferating nestin negative cells in meninges. The importance of Leptomeningeal stem cells reside in the easier reachable localization compared to the already known neural stem cell niches, and in their high neuronal differentiation potential. These characteristics will open novel studies in regenerative medicine.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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