La tesi riguarda la migrazioni tra Sri Lanka e Italia. Questa migrazione ha una storia di oltre 30 anni, che diversi autori (cfr. Nare, 2008) sostengono abbia avuto origine attorno agli anni Settanta favorita dai contatti tra le istituzioni cattoliche italiane e srilankesi. La migrazione srilankese verso l’Italia, che riguarda prevalentemente singalesi, mostra un incremento numerico costante nel tempo: attualmente secondo i dati Istat (2008) i migranti srilankesi residenti sono poco meno di 70.000. Questa migrazione si caratterizza per il fatto di provenire da città ad elevata densità e-migratoria in Sri Lanka, situate lungo la costa occidentale dell’Isola, legate ad alcune medie-grandi città italiane ad alta concentrazione di migranti srilankesi. L’obiettivo che ha mosso la ricerca è stato quello di descrivere e analizzare l’esperienza della migrazione tra Sri Lanka e Italia. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo si è ritenuto opportuno una ricerca etnografica multi-situata, un’immersione all’interno dei differenti mondi migranti, che ha consentito – attraverso la condivisione del vissuto quotidiano e la coabitazione con cittadini srilankesi, i dialoghi informali e le interviste in profondità, la partecipazione ad eventi formali ed informali riguardanti migranti in entrambi i contesti – di recuperare il maggior numero di informazioni sulle vite dei migranti. La ricerca empirica è stata condotta principalmente a Verona e a Wennapuwa. Verona è la seconda città italiana per presenza srilankese e presenta una notevole organizzazione della componente srilankese (negozi, associazioni, servizi etnicamente connotati). Wennapuwa è una città della costa occidentale dello Sri Lanka, con popolazione a maggioranza singalese e di religione cattolica, dove l’emigrazione verso l’Italia ha assunto un ruolo importante, evidente se si considera il soprannome: Punchi Italia (Piccola Italia). La ricerca empirica può essere definita teoricamente informata (cfr. Willis e Trondman, 2000), teoricamente orientata dalla teoria della pratica (cfr. Bourdieu, 1972, 1980, 1994). Questo approccio tende a respingere la classica dicotomia soggetto/struttura e considera le pratiche sociali come il risultato della loro relazione a doppio senso. Il processo migratorio, nelle sue diverse fasi, viene quindi considerato come il risultato di una tensione costante tra, da una parte, le percezioni e le valutazioni del mondo sociale che gli agenti sociali possiedono e i loro schemi generatori della pratica (habitus) e, dall’altra, le condizioni sociali d’esistenza, al cui interno prendono forma le strategie, le azioni e le relazioni sociali degli agenti. All’interno del mondo contemporaneo qualsiasi analisi del locale non può prescindere dal confronto con i processi della globalizzazione e i loro effetti sulle realtà locali. All’interno di un ordine globale segnato da accentuate disuguaglianze socio-economiche e da rapporti di forza che li riproducono, in paesi del cosiddetto terzo mondo, come lo Sri Lanka, la migrazione diventa una soluzione tesa a colmare il gap che separa desideri globali e impossibilità locali. I desideri globali, che i flussi globali di merci, significati, denaro e persone alimentano, vanno intesi come desideri verso un certo standard di vita orientato dai consumi e definito dalla popolazione di Wennapuwa come modern life o western life. Il benessere inteso come disponibilità economica ad una vita “lussuosa” e dalle molteplici opportunità risulta fuori portata per gran parte della popolazione in un habitat sociale segnato da un’economia locale con un ruolo marginale all’interno dell’economia mondo e ulteriormente indebolita da una guerra civile che tra il 1983 e il 2009 ha insanguinato il paese. In questo ambiente sociale alcuni migranti, arricchiti in Italia, diventano soggetti da invidiare e imitare; l’Italia viene rappresentata come una sorta di dream land nella quale è possibile guadagnare e la migrazione una soluzione che consente di migliorare la propria vita, attraverso una ascesa socio-economica una volta ritornati in Sri Lanka. L’attenzione alla storia della migrazione e alle connessioni tra contesto di partenza e di arrivo hanno permesso di comprendere come le diverse strategie migratorie messe in atto nel corso del tempo dai migranti abbiano favorito il costituirsi di uno spazio sociale specifico della migrazione, all’interno del quale migranti e non migranti, nelle aree di origine e di destinazione agiscono e si relazionano secondo logiche specifiche, comprensibili se pensate in relazione al contesto internazionale e nazionale all’interno dei quali prende forma questo spazio sociale specifico. La letteratura ha definito questo spazio con il termine “transnazionale”, poiché caratterizzato da molteplici connessioni tra le due sponde della migrazione. Un tema che emerge con forza dall’analisi dell’esperienza migratoria tra Sri Lanka e Italia è quello delle ambivalenze che caratterizzano le relazioni fra migranti. All’interno di una determinata gestione sociale ed istituzionale dell’immigrazione (sia nazionale, che internazionale), i migranti srilankesi tendono spesso ad affrontare le difficoltà della migrazione attraverso l’ausilio dei legami personali con propri connazionali, delle reti migranti, piuttosto che attraverso il supporto delle istituzioni, che talvolta devono essere scavalcate, come nei casi di immigrazione irregolare, e che spesso mostrano evidenti lacune nel garantire un’integrazione sociale positiva ai migranti. I migranti, che presentano condizioni socio-economiche estremamente differenziate tra loro, si trovano spesso nella situazione di dipendere dal supporto di connazionali. La solidarietà tra connazionali, uniti da vincoli di parentela, amicizia e comunanza di origine, risulta determinante per le fortune del migrante. Ma all’interno di un contesto socio-economico come quello italiano, che si caratterizza per una forma di capitalismo nel quale i guadagni sono scarsi, il mondo del lavoro precario ed instabile e la protezione del welfare minimale (Nobil, 2009), l’aiuto risulta particolarmente pesante, soprattutto per chi, come i migranti possiedono diritti limitati e tendono ad occupare posizioni socio-economiche subordinate. Lungo la dialettica richiesta e necessità dell’aiuto da una parte e dell’altra incapacità e peso del dare aiuto e in relazione all’impossibilità della restituzione del debito possono originarsi conflittualità. Inoltre beni e servizi tra connazionali possono circolare seguendo la logica del profitto. La migrazione è essenzialmente una corsa al guadagno attraverso una discesa sociale, un’impresa difficile e faticosa intrapresa alla luce di un miglioramento futuro, legato ad aspettative elevate. Le difficoltà della migrazione allontano la realizzazione dei desideri e delle aspettative della migrazione, creando insoddisfazione, ansia e frustrazione tipica di situazioni nelle quali vi è distanza tra aspettative e possibilità concrete. In questa situazione la logica del profitto può penetrare all’interno dello spazio sociale dei connazionali, portando potenziale conflittualità e concorrenza. L’ambiente della migrazione è così altamente ambivalente. È un ambiente nel quale è facile far relazione con propri connazionali, ma nel quale le relazioni possono anche rompersi facilmente. È un ambiente nel quale pratiche di solidarietà coesistono con pratiche guidate dalla logica del profitto. I migranti trovano negli altri connazionali supporto e legami affettivi, ma d’altra parte all’interno di questo spazio possono diffondersi una diffidenza generalizzata, un senso di concorrenza, accuse di egoismo e gelosia diffuse legate alla mercificazione delle relazioni, alle disuguaglianze tra prossimi, ai vantaggi che l’uno può trarre dall’altro. Si diffondono una serie di sentimenti e comportamenti ambivalenti che contraddistinguono una società dell’immediatezza, dove le relazioni interpersonali tendono a/sono costretta a sostituire le istituzioni.
The thesis is concerned with migration between Sri Lanka and Italy. Many authors (see Näre, 2008) assume that migration began over thirty years ago, supported by connections between Italian and Sri Lankan institutions of Catholic religion. The Sri Lankan migration to Italy, which is mostly Singhalese, has constantly increased during the years. According to Istat data (2008) the number of Sri Lankan citizens currently resident in Italy is around 70.000. This migration is characterized by the connections between the cities of the western coast of Sri Lanka which send large numbers of emigrants to Italy and some Italian cities. The aim of the research was to describe and analyse holistically the experience of migration by means of multi-situated ethnography. The immersion in migrants’ worlds made it possible to obtain detailed knowledge of migrants’ lives by sharing daily life with migrants, living with migrants, interviewing them, taking part in their official and informal events. The field research took place in Verona and Wennapuwa. Verona is the Italian city with the second largest population of Sri Lankan migrants in Italy. Moreover in this city Sri Lankan migrants are well-organized: there are Sri Lankan shops, associations and services. Wennapuwa is a city of the western coast of Sri Lanka where the great majority of population is Singhalese and catholic. In this city emigration to Italy has become so important that its nickname is Punchi Italia (Little Italy). The empirical research was theoretically informed (Willis and Trondman, 2000) and oriented by the Theory of the Practice (Bourdieu, 1972, 1980, 1994). This approach rejects the classic dichotomy between subject and structure and considers social practices to be the result of their two way relation. The migration process, in its different phases, is considered to be the result of the constant tension between, on the one hand, the principles of perception and evaluation of the social world and patterns which generate practices (habitus), and on the other, the social conditions of existence within which the strategies, practices and social relations of the social agents are constructed and constrained. In the contemporary world, the analyses of local processes have to take into consideration also the processes of globalization and their effect on local ones. The global order is characterized by huge socio-economic inequalities and relations of power which reproduce inequalities between countries and citizens. In so-called Third World countries, such as Sri Lanka, migration has become a solution to bridge the gap between global desires and local impossibilities. Global desires, fed by global flows of goods, money, imaginaries and people, are desires for a standard of living oriented by consumption and defined by Wennapuwa people as modern life or western life. This kind of way of life is not possible for the great majority of people who live in a social habitat, constrained by the local economy which has a weak and marginal role within the global economy and has been depressed by the civil war (1983-2009). In this social space those migrants, who have become rich working in Italy, have become persons to envy and imitate; Italy has become a dream land where people think that it will be possible to earn a huge amount of money and migration has become one of the best strategies in the search of “modern life”. By considering the specific history of this migration and the connections between the context of emigration and immigration it is suggested that migration strategies of migrants have promoted the creation of a specific social space of migration, where migrants and non-migrants, in the areas of origin and destination, act and establish social relations, following specific logics of practice. However, the specific social space of migration and the logics of practice which move actors within this social space should be considered in relation to international and national contexts because the social space of migration takes its specific shape inside these contexts. The social space of migration has been also defined transnational social space because of the multiplex connections between the context of emigration and that of immigration. The analysis of the experience of migration suggests that migrants’ worlds are strongly characterized by ambivalence. The international and national management of migration issues, especially where the country of destination is concerned, compels migrants to resort to the help of their fellow countrymen (migration networks), rather than official institutions which would help them deal with the problems of migration. In some cases, as in that of irregular migration, migrants cannot resort to institutions. On the other hand, in many situations institutions show their inability to give migrants the opportunities of a positive social integration. So migrants, who vary in their socio-economic positions, often depend on the support of their fellow countrymen during their experience of migration. Solidarity between people with ties of kinship, friendship or common origin is extremely important during migration and helps migrants to face their difficulties. On the other hand, giving solidarity is extremely difficult for people who live in a society, such as Italy, characterized by a form of capitalism in which jobs are scarce, the informal economy pervasive, wages are low and welfare protection minimal (Nobil, 2009). Migrants have limited rights and occupy low socio-economic positions. On the one hand, there are migrants who need help from the others, on the other hand there are migrants who cannot help or do not want to help their fellow countrymen because of their own difficulties and because of the fact that helping is the contrary of the aim of migration which is earning money. Moreover, in precarious socio-economic conditions it is often difficult to return the help received. This situation often causes conflicts among migrants. Goods and services may circulate within the transnational social space of migration according to the logic of profit. So, people often have to pay their fellow countrymen in order to receive help in migrating or facing difficulties later. Migration is basically pursuing socio-economic success in a foreign country. The obstacles encountered frustrate migrants’ realization of their desires and high expectations. This situation, in which there is a gap between desires and real possibilities, constantly creates dissatisfaction, anxiety and frustration. In this situation the logic of profit can penetrate inside the social space of migration and cause potential conflicts, contradictions and competition inside migrant networks. The social environment of Sri Lankan migrants to Italy appears to be highly ambivalent. It is a context in which it is easy to make contact with fellow countrymen, but also to break ties. It is a social space in which practices based on solidarity coexist with practices based on the logic of profit. Fellow countrymen supply migrants with support and affective ties, but widespread mistrust, feelings of competition and accusations of selfishness and envy can spread throughout social space of migration because of the unequal success of migrants and the penetration of the logic of profit within relationships. Ambivalent feelings and behaviour can spread throughout a social environment in which personal relations work tend to/have to replace the functions of state institutions.
Tra Sri Lanka e Italia. Vite, percorsi, mondi migranti e ambivalenze delle migrazioni
BACCIOCCHI, LUCA
2010-01-01
Abstract
The thesis is concerned with migration between Sri Lanka and Italy. Many authors (see Näre, 2008) assume that migration began over thirty years ago, supported by connections between Italian and Sri Lankan institutions of Catholic religion. The Sri Lankan migration to Italy, which is mostly Singhalese, has constantly increased during the years. According to Istat data (2008) the number of Sri Lankan citizens currently resident in Italy is around 70.000. This migration is characterized by the connections between the cities of the western coast of Sri Lanka which send large numbers of emigrants to Italy and some Italian cities. The aim of the research was to describe and analyse holistically the experience of migration by means of multi-situated ethnography. The immersion in migrants’ worlds made it possible to obtain detailed knowledge of migrants’ lives by sharing daily life with migrants, living with migrants, interviewing them, taking part in their official and informal events. The field research took place in Verona and Wennapuwa. Verona is the Italian city with the second largest population of Sri Lankan migrants in Italy. Moreover in this city Sri Lankan migrants are well-organized: there are Sri Lankan shops, associations and services. Wennapuwa is a city of the western coast of Sri Lanka where the great majority of population is Singhalese and catholic. In this city emigration to Italy has become so important that its nickname is Punchi Italia (Little Italy). The empirical research was theoretically informed (Willis and Trondman, 2000) and oriented by the Theory of the Practice (Bourdieu, 1972, 1980, 1994). This approach rejects the classic dichotomy between subject and structure and considers social practices to be the result of their two way relation. The migration process, in its different phases, is considered to be the result of the constant tension between, on the one hand, the principles of perception and evaluation of the social world and patterns which generate practices (habitus), and on the other, the social conditions of existence within which the strategies, practices and social relations of the social agents are constructed and constrained. In the contemporary world, the analyses of local processes have to take into consideration also the processes of globalization and their effect on local ones. The global order is characterized by huge socio-economic inequalities and relations of power which reproduce inequalities between countries and citizens. In so-called Third World countries, such as Sri Lanka, migration has become a solution to bridge the gap between global desires and local impossibilities. Global desires, fed by global flows of goods, money, imaginaries and people, are desires for a standard of living oriented by consumption and defined by Wennapuwa people as modern life or western life. This kind of way of life is not possible for the great majority of people who live in a social habitat, constrained by the local economy which has a weak and marginal role within the global economy and has been depressed by the civil war (1983-2009). In this social space those migrants, who have become rich working in Italy, have become persons to envy and imitate; Italy has become a dream land where people think that it will be possible to earn a huge amount of money and migration has become one of the best strategies in the search of “modern life”. By considering the specific history of this migration and the connections between the context of emigration and immigration it is suggested that migration strategies of migrants have promoted the creation of a specific social space of migration, where migrants and non-migrants, in the areas of origin and destination, act and establish social relations, following specific logics of practice. However, the specific social space of migration and the logics of practice which move actors within this social space should be considered in relation to international and national contexts because the social space of migration takes its specific shape inside these contexts. The social space of migration has been also defined transnational social space because of the multiplex connections between the context of emigration and that of immigration. The analysis of the experience of migration suggests that migrants’ worlds are strongly characterized by ambivalence. The international and national management of migration issues, especially where the country of destination is concerned, compels migrants to resort to the help of their fellow countrymen (migration networks), rather than official institutions which would help them deal with the problems of migration. In some cases, as in that of irregular migration, migrants cannot resort to institutions. On the other hand, in many situations institutions show their inability to give migrants the opportunities of a positive social integration. So migrants, who vary in their socio-economic positions, often depend on the support of their fellow countrymen during their experience of migration. Solidarity between people with ties of kinship, friendship or common origin is extremely important during migration and helps migrants to face their difficulties. On the other hand, giving solidarity is extremely difficult for people who live in a society, such as Italy, characterized by a form of capitalism in which jobs are scarce, the informal economy pervasive, wages are low and welfare protection minimal (Nobil, 2009). Migrants have limited rights and occupy low socio-economic positions. On the one hand, there are migrants who need help from the others, on the other hand there are migrants who cannot help or do not want to help their fellow countrymen because of their own difficulties and because of the fact that helping is the contrary of the aim of migration which is earning money. Moreover, in precarious socio-economic conditions it is often difficult to return the help received. This situation often causes conflicts among migrants. Goods and services may circulate within the transnational social space of migration according to the logic of profit. So, people often have to pay their fellow countrymen in order to receive help in migrating or facing difficulties later. Migration is basically pursuing socio-economic success in a foreign country. The obstacles encountered frustrate migrants’ realization of their desires and high expectations. This situation, in which there is a gap between desires and real possibilities, constantly creates dissatisfaction, anxiety and frustration. In this situation the logic of profit can penetrate inside the social space of migration and cause potential conflicts, contradictions and competition inside migrant networks. The social environment of Sri Lankan migrants to Italy appears to be highly ambivalent. It is a context in which it is easy to make contact with fellow countrymen, but also to break ties. It is a social space in which practices based on solidarity coexist with practices based on the logic of profit. Fellow countrymen supply migrants with support and affective ties, but widespread mistrust, feelings of competition and accusations of selfishness and envy can spread throughout social space of migration because of the unequal success of migrants and the penetration of the logic of profit within relationships. Ambivalent feelings and behaviour can spread throughout a social environment in which personal relations work tend to/have to replace the functions of state institutions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
tesi_-_Luca_Bacciocchi.pdf
accesso aperto
Tipologia:
Tesi di dottorato
Licenza:
Dominio pubblico
Dimensione
5.71 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
5.71 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.