La nicotina è in grado di indurre effetti sia ad un livello molecolare e cellulare che sull’intero organismo ed il suo comportamento. La nicotina si lega ad un sottotipo di recettori colinergici, i recettori nicotinici (nAChRs). Essi sono strutture proteiche composte di cinque subunità, che sono organizzate per formare un canale cationico attraverso la membrana cellulare. Esistono molte subunità differenti che possono assemblarsi in una varietà di combinazioni portando ad una grande quantità di diversi nAChRs. Quando un ligando, come per esempio la nicotina, si lega ai nAChRs la permeabilità del canale può cambiare. I diversi nAChRs hanno differenti permeabilità ai vari cationi. Il nAChR omomerico contenente la subunità alfa7 esprime la più alta corrente frazionale per gli ioni calcio tra i nAChRs nel sistema nervoso. L’acetilcolina, che è il ligando naturale dei nAChRs, si degrada nelle sinapsi e dà origine alla colina. Quest’ultima è un’agonista completo e selettivo per i nAChRs alfa7. Alcuni nAChRs sono in grado di mediare una trasmissione sinaptica veloce, ma le loro funzioni più comunemente considerate sono quelle di modulazione. I nAChRs localizzati presinapticamente possono essere coinvolti nella modulazione del rilascio di neurotrasmettitori. Nei siti postsinaptici e sul soma i nAChRs possono avere effetti modulatori sia ad un livello sinaptico che ad un livello cellulare. Tanti degli effetti modulatori in cui si considerano coinvolti i nAChRs richiedono segnali di calcio, cioè cambiamenti della concentrazione intracellulare di calcio ([Ca2+]i). Dato che i nAChRs alfa7 hanno una permeabilità alta al Ca2+, essi sono considerati coinvolti in tanti di questi effetti. Quando l’ambiente cambia la cellula può cercare di adattarsi alla situazione nuova. Due esempi di neuroadattamento sono il cambiamento della [Ca2+]i e i cambiamenti dei livelli di proteine. Sia i nAChRs che i fattori neurotrofici, come le neurotrofine e i loro recettori (NTRs), sono in grado di essere coinvolti in queste due forme di neuroadattamento. La prima parte di questo lavoro cerca di studiare il ruolo dei nAChRs sui segnali del calcio ed è basata su tecniche diverse di imaging, come la immunofluorescenza e il “calcium imaging”. La seconda parte è basata su studi di Western blot e cerca di analizzare un ruolo possibile dei nAChRs sul livello d’espressione dei NTRs. In tutte e due le parti una particolare enfasi viene posta sui nAChRs alfa7 e altresì in entrambe le parti sono state usate culture primarie di cellule della corteccia cerebrale di ratto. I risultati ottenuti nella prima parte di questo lavoro indicano un coinvolgimento dei nAChRs alfa7 sui segnali di calcio nelle culture corticali e che la colina può essere selettiva per i nAChRs alfa7. Queste indicazioni derivano dal fatto che la colina induce una tendenza ad un aumento della [Ca2+]i solo in cellule che esprimono siti di legame per l’alfa-bungarotossina, siti noti per essere corrispondenti ai nAChRs alfa7. La seconda parte di questo lavoro indica un’interazione tra i nAChRs alfa7 e un NTR, cioè il TrkB, sulla base del cambiamento del livello di espressione. Questa conclusione è tratta dall’osservazione che un’esposizione alla colina delle culture attenua il livello di TrkB. Comunque, per poter chiarire il coinvolgimento dei nAChRs alfa7 in queste osservazioni saranno necessarie ulteriori analisi.
Nicotine is known to induce effects at molecular and cellular levels and to affect the whole organism and its behaviour. Nicotine binds to a group of receptors, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). They are protein structures composed of five subunits, which are arranged to form a cation channel through the cell membrane. Many different subunits exist and they can assemble in a variety of combinations giving rise to many forms of nAChRs. When a ligand, such as nicotine, binds to nAChRs the permeabiliy of the channels may change. Different nAChRs show differences in their permeability to various cations. The homomeric alpha7 subunit containing nAChR shows the highest fractional Ca2+ current among nAChRs in the nervous system. Choline, the degradation product of the natural nAChR ligand acetylcholine, is a full and selective agonist of alpha7 nAChRs. Some nAChRs can mediate fast synaptic transmission, but modulatory functions of nAChRs are thought to be more common. Presynaptically localized, nAChRs may be involved in modulation of neurotransmitter release. At postsynaptic and somal sites nAChRs may have modulatory effects both at synaptic and cellular level. Many of the modulatory effects in which nAChRs are thought to be involved require calcium signals, i.e. changes of intracellular calcium concentration. Since alpha7 nAChRs have a high permeability for Ca2+, they are thought to be involved in many of these effects. When the environment changes, a cell can try to adapt to the new situation. Two examples of neuroadaptation are changes of intracellular calcium concentration [Ca2+]i and changes of protein levels. Both nAChRs and neurotrophic factors, such as neurotrophins and their receptors (NTRs), can be involved in these two forms of neuroadaptation. The first part of this work aims to investigate the role of nAChRs on calcium signals and is based upon different imaging studies, such as fluorescence immuno-cytochemistry and calcium imaging. The second part is based on Western blot studies and aims to analyse a possible role of nAChRs on expression levels of NTRs. In both parts a special emphasis is put on alpha7 nAChRs and in both parts primary cell cultures from rat cerebral cortex were used. The results obtained in the first part of the present study indicate that alpha7 nAChRs may be involved in calcium signals in cortical cell cultures and that choline may be selective for alpha7 nAChRs, since it induced a trend of increased [Ca2+]i only in cells expressing alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites, known to correspond to alpha7 nAChRs. The second part of this study indicates an interaction between alpha7 nAChRs and one NTR, i.e. TrkB, on an expression level basis. This conclusion is drawn from the observation that choline exposure of cell cultures attenuated TrkB levels. However, in order to clarify the involvement of alpha7 nAChRs in these observations more analysis have to be done.
Effetti di nicotina e colina sull'omeostasi del calcio e sull'espressione dei recettori per le neurotrofine in culture neuronali della corteccia di ratto
JOHANSSON, Jan Evert
2007-01-01
Abstract
Nicotine is known to induce effects at molecular and cellular levels and to affect the whole organism and its behaviour. Nicotine binds to a group of receptors, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). They are protein structures composed of five subunits, which are arranged to form a cation channel through the cell membrane. Many different subunits exist and they can assemble in a variety of combinations giving rise to many forms of nAChRs. When a ligand, such as nicotine, binds to nAChRs the permeabiliy of the channels may change. Different nAChRs show differences in their permeability to various cations. The homomeric alpha7 subunit containing nAChR shows the highest fractional Ca2+ current among nAChRs in the nervous system. Choline, the degradation product of the natural nAChR ligand acetylcholine, is a full and selective agonist of alpha7 nAChRs. Some nAChRs can mediate fast synaptic transmission, but modulatory functions of nAChRs are thought to be more common. Presynaptically localized, nAChRs may be involved in modulation of neurotransmitter release. At postsynaptic and somal sites nAChRs may have modulatory effects both at synaptic and cellular level. Many of the modulatory effects in which nAChRs are thought to be involved require calcium signals, i.e. changes of intracellular calcium concentration. Since alpha7 nAChRs have a high permeability for Ca2+, they are thought to be involved in many of these effects. When the environment changes, a cell can try to adapt to the new situation. Two examples of neuroadaptation are changes of intracellular calcium concentration [Ca2+]i and changes of protein levels. Both nAChRs and neurotrophic factors, such as neurotrophins and their receptors (NTRs), can be involved in these two forms of neuroadaptation. The first part of this work aims to investigate the role of nAChRs on calcium signals and is based upon different imaging studies, such as fluorescence immuno-cytochemistry and calcium imaging. The second part is based on Western blot studies and aims to analyse a possible role of nAChRs on expression levels of NTRs. In both parts a special emphasis is put on alpha7 nAChRs and in both parts primary cell cultures from rat cerebral cortex were used. The results obtained in the first part of the present study indicate that alpha7 nAChRs may be involved in calcium signals in cortical cell cultures and that choline may be selective for alpha7 nAChRs, since it induced a trend of increased [Ca2+]i only in cells expressing alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites, known to correspond to alpha7 nAChRs. The second part of this study indicates an interaction between alpha7 nAChRs and one NTR, i.e. TrkB, on an expression level basis. This conclusion is drawn from the observation that choline exposure of cell cultures attenuated TrkB levels. However, in order to clarify the involvement of alpha7 nAChRs in these observations more analysis have to be done.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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