La tesi si focalizza su alcune ipotesi di traduzione del creolo caraibico adottato da Sam Selvon, autore nativo di Trinidad, nella sua raccolta di racconti Ways of Sunlight (1957). Da sottolineare è il fatto che, a tutt’oggi, l’unica opera di Selvon accessibile ai lettori italiani è il romanzo del 1956 The Lonely Londoners, tradotto da Isabella Maria Zoppi e pubblicato da Mondadori nel 1998 con il titolo di Londinesi Solitari. Solitamente, traduttori alle prese con il difficile compito di trasporre il creolo caraibico in un altro idioma optano per una scelta linguistica conservatrice, ovvero estendendo l’impiego dell’italiano standard a voce narrante e dialoghi, dando così l’impressione al lettore italiano che il testo originale sia stato scritto in inglese standard. Un caso noto è quello di V.S. Naipaul, le cui opere che presentano casi di code-switching inglese standard – creolo, come ad esempio The Mystic Masseur (1957), The Suffrage of Elvira (1958), Miguel Street (1959), A House for Mr Biswas (1961), sono state tradotte in italiano standard, con un’inevitabile perdita d’effetto rispetto all’originale. Il compito è certamente arduo, e non molte sono le strade percorribili; un qualsiasi dialetto nostrano risulterebbe infatti inadeguato, poiché varianti strettamente diatopiche distrarrebbero il lettore dal contesto dell’originale. Nel caso specifico di Ways of Sunlight, il lavoro del traduttore è ulteriormente complicato dal fatto che in molti di questi racconti il creolo è esteso alla voce narrante, e per ottenere un testo stilisticamente fedele all’originale si dovrebbe optare per un italiano non-standard e, oltretutto, indifferenziato per dialoghi e voce narrante. Durante la mia ricerca, e soprattutto a seguito della lettura di tutte le opere di Sam Selvon, mi sono reso conto che in alcuni racconti di Ways of Sunlight la sfida appariva particolarmente interessante e stimolante; concentrandomi su questi, ho basato la mia strategia sul principio di equivalenza dinamica, ovvero sulla restituzione, almeno in una certa misura, dell’effetto evocativo avvertito dal lettore nell’originale. Alla luce delle diverse teorie della traduzione, e avvalendomi del concetto di “autonoma eco dell’opera d’arte tradotta” elaborato da Agostino Lombardo, ho riservato particolare attenzione all’ambientazione dei racconti e agli aspetti soprasegmentali del testo originale. Precisamente, nei casi in cui il creolo è parlato da personaggi di scarsa cultura in un’ambientazione trinidadiana ho sfruttato la varietà diastratica dell’italiano standard (benché il creolo a Trinidad non sia necessariamente riconducibile a un determinato strato sociale), utilizzando un registro informale ricco di espressioni idiomatiche tipiche della lingua parlata a livello colloquiale; laddove invece un contesto di immigrazione caraibica a Londra fa da sfondo alla narrazione dell’originale ho deciso di sfruttare, sebbene con la dovuta cautela e pienamente consapevole della natura sperimentale di questa modalità, alcuni tratti tipici dell’italiano parlato da immigrati di origine nigeriana. Questa scelta è basata sulla conoscenza diretta dell’idioletto della comunità nigeriana di Verona (gruppo etnico Bini), ed è ampiamente avvalorata, come ho cercato di dimostrare nella mia tesi, dalla ricca documentazione sulle indubbie affinità linguistiche tra il creolo caraibico e alcune lingue dell’Africa occidentale sub-sahariana (proprio dall’attuale Nigeria furono prelevati moltissimi degli schiavi diretti nelle colonie delle Indie Occidentali), nonché tra il creolo e il cosiddetto “Nigerian Pidgin”, ovvero la varietà di inglese parlato in Nigeria, che in alcune caratteristiche sintattiche influenza anche l’italiano degli immigrati. Il metodo si è dimostrato duttile oltre ogni aspettativa e, sempre con le dovute distinzioni e diversità, si possono tracciare altri parallelismi, al di là di quelli strettamente linguistici, nell’analogo contesto di immigrazione, che per molti versi accomuna l’esperienza di vita degli immigrati caraibici nella Londra degli anni cinquanta e quella degli immigrati africani nell’Italia dei giorni nostri. Nella mia traduzione ho dedicato inoltre molta attenzione, come ho già accennato, all’aspetto prosodico del testo, che nell’originale ne costituisce una componente essenziale e che trova riscontro, nella letteratura caraibica, nello stretto legame che lega la tradizione scritta a quella orale. Le mie proposte di traduzione dei racconti di Ways of Sunlight, affiancate da commenti volti a illustrare le mie scelte traduttive, costituiscono quindi il nucleo della mia tesi. I capitolo dedicati all’evoluzione del creolo e alla traduzione vera e propria dei racconti sono preceduti da un’ ampia introduzione all’opera di Selvon, focalizzata sull’aspetto linguistico della sua produzione narrativa, e da un’indagine volta a testimoniare, soprattutto per quanto riguarda l’uso della voce narrante da parte dell’autore, l’influsso della tradizione orale e del calypso nell’arte di Selvon. Ho inoltre dedicato la mia attenzione a un’analisi del variegato quadro linguistico della società di Trinidad, eredità del tormentato passato coloniale dell’isola. I Caraibi, infatti, possono essere considerati paradigma dell’ibridazione culturale che, a seguito del processo di globalizzazione, sta caratterizzando la struttura sociale di molte nazioni europee, mutandone lentamente ma inevitabilmente il volto. Benché questo processo in Italia sia solo agli inizi, i suoi effetti sono ben visibili, e proprio la massiccia presenza di immigrati africani, risultato delle medesime spinte globalizzatrici che hanno plasmato la struttura sociale delle isole caraibiche, mi ha consentito di individuare determinate affinità a livello socio-linguistico tra i due diversi contesti, permettendomi così di formulare – spero con successo – un nuovo percorso traduttivo per il creolo caraibico.
My thesis is focused on the translation of a selection of short stories from Sam Selvon’s Ways of Sunlight, published in 1957. Among his ten novels, the only one which has so far been available to an Italian readership is The Lonely Londoners (1956), translated by Isabella Maria Zoppi (Londinesi Solitari, Mondadori, 1998). Translations of Creole in the past privileged linguistically conservative, “normalizing” solutions, that is, Standard Italian. A well-known example is V.S. Naipaul, whose fiction presenting code-switching Standard English/Creole such as The Mystic Masseur (1957), The Suffrage of Elvira (1958), Miguel Street (1959) A House for Mr Biswas (1961), has been translated into Standard Italian, losing thus most of the unmistakable flavour of the original. It is a difficult task, and the range of choices is restricted; an Italian dialect, for example, would result inadequate, representing an undesirable distraction from the original setting. In the course of my research, and after reading all Selvon’s works, I focused my attention on those short stories in Ways of Sunlight where the challenge was particularly stimulating as regards code-switching. The author, in both narrative and dialogues, blends together Standard English, spoken idiomatic English and, above all, different stylizations of Trinidadian Creole; the end result is a unique linguistic amalgam difficult to transpose into another language. I have based my strategy on the principle of dynamic equivalence, namely on the rendering, at least up to a certain point, of the effect produced on the reader by the original text. In the light of the many different translation theories and with reference to Agostino Lombardo’s concept of the “autonomous echo of the original text”, I have devoted my attention to the original setting and to the paralinguistic aspect of the text. To be more precise, when Creole is spoken by uneducated characters in a Trinidadian setting, I have had recourse to an informal register of Standard Italian, with idiomatic expressions typical of colloquial language. On the other hand, as regards the short stories set in London, I have employed, albeit sparingly and prudently, elements of Italian spoken by Nigerian immigrants. My translation strategy was developed through observation of the linguistic patterns of Nigerians resident in Verona (Bini ethnic group), and what brings “Nigerian Italian” and Caribbean Creole into the same focus has to do with the amply documented linguistic affinities between Caribbean Creole and West African languages. Moreover, since the Italian spoken by Nigerian immigrants shares with Nigerian Pidgin (the variety of English spoken in Nigeria) some syntactical structures – mostly derived from calques – or morphological reduplication processes, one can claim that the “Afro-Italian” in my translation and the English spoken by West Indian immigrants in Selvon’s fiction are linked by the common West African heritage. Furthermore, the presence in Italy of a large number of African immigrants is the result of the same phenomenon – globalization – which has completely transformed the human geography of the Caribbean. The different migration waves that brought Selvon’s ancestors to Trinidad, Selvon himself to England and now bring African immigrants to Italy are thus part of the same globalizing drive which is reshaping the world, and this fact, together with the affinities between the phenomenon of Caribbean immigration in England in the 1950s and that of African immigration to Italy nowadays, suggested to me the possibility of taking into consideration the Italian spoken by Nigerian immigrants as an effective linguistic mediation to translate Trinidadian Creole spoken by immigrants in London. Besides, a cautious and sparing adoption of linguistic patterns from “Afro-Italian” has been suggested, whenever possible, to approximate the unmistakable flavour of the Caribbean signifier that is continuously influenced by orality. I have also analyzed, in fact, the connections between oral tradition and Selvon’s fiction, whose linguistic strategies in some ways can be traced back to the calypsonian’s performance. I have also provided an analysis of the variegated socio-linguistic situation in Trinidad, where Creole represents a genuine means of communication with no social connotations. The Caribbean, characterized by multiculturalism but also by a resistance against the denial of specificities in the name of a shadowy cultural unity, was one of the earliest projects of European colonization; the processes of immigration/migration affecting the area and the problematic state of race relations in these countries are paradigmatic of the broader movements of peoples that have played, and will most likely continue to play, a key role in the growth of immigrant communities throughout the modern world. Precisely the increasing level of multiculturalism in Italy, consequence of globalization, has led me to find socio-linguistic parallels between the two different contexts, and thus to suggest an “unbeaten path” for the translation of Creole.
Crossroad in Creole: on translating Sam Selvon's Ways of sunlight
TOMIOTTI, Gianni
2008-01-01
Abstract
My thesis is focused on the translation of a selection of short stories from Sam Selvon’s Ways of Sunlight, published in 1957. Among his ten novels, the only one which has so far been available to an Italian readership is The Lonely Londoners (1956), translated by Isabella Maria Zoppi (Londinesi Solitari, Mondadori, 1998). Translations of Creole in the past privileged linguistically conservative, “normalizing” solutions, that is, Standard Italian. A well-known example is V.S. Naipaul, whose fiction presenting code-switching Standard English/Creole such as The Mystic Masseur (1957), The Suffrage of Elvira (1958), Miguel Street (1959) A House for Mr Biswas (1961), has been translated into Standard Italian, losing thus most of the unmistakable flavour of the original. It is a difficult task, and the range of choices is restricted; an Italian dialect, for example, would result inadequate, representing an undesirable distraction from the original setting. In the course of my research, and after reading all Selvon’s works, I focused my attention on those short stories in Ways of Sunlight where the challenge was particularly stimulating as regards code-switching. The author, in both narrative and dialogues, blends together Standard English, spoken idiomatic English and, above all, different stylizations of Trinidadian Creole; the end result is a unique linguistic amalgam difficult to transpose into another language. I have based my strategy on the principle of dynamic equivalence, namely on the rendering, at least up to a certain point, of the effect produced on the reader by the original text. In the light of the many different translation theories and with reference to Agostino Lombardo’s concept of the “autonomous echo of the original text”, I have devoted my attention to the original setting and to the paralinguistic aspect of the text. To be more precise, when Creole is spoken by uneducated characters in a Trinidadian setting, I have had recourse to an informal register of Standard Italian, with idiomatic expressions typical of colloquial language. On the other hand, as regards the short stories set in London, I have employed, albeit sparingly and prudently, elements of Italian spoken by Nigerian immigrants. My translation strategy was developed through observation of the linguistic patterns of Nigerians resident in Verona (Bini ethnic group), and what brings “Nigerian Italian” and Caribbean Creole into the same focus has to do with the amply documented linguistic affinities between Caribbean Creole and West African languages. Moreover, since the Italian spoken by Nigerian immigrants shares with Nigerian Pidgin (the variety of English spoken in Nigeria) some syntactical structures – mostly derived from calques – or morphological reduplication processes, one can claim that the “Afro-Italian” in my translation and the English spoken by West Indian immigrants in Selvon’s fiction are linked by the common West African heritage. Furthermore, the presence in Italy of a large number of African immigrants is the result of the same phenomenon – globalization – which has completely transformed the human geography of the Caribbean. The different migration waves that brought Selvon’s ancestors to Trinidad, Selvon himself to England and now bring African immigrants to Italy are thus part of the same globalizing drive which is reshaping the world, and this fact, together with the affinities between the phenomenon of Caribbean immigration in England in the 1950s and that of African immigration to Italy nowadays, suggested to me the possibility of taking into consideration the Italian spoken by Nigerian immigrants as an effective linguistic mediation to translate Trinidadian Creole spoken by immigrants in London. Besides, a cautious and sparing adoption of linguistic patterns from “Afro-Italian” has been suggested, whenever possible, to approximate the unmistakable flavour of the Caribbean signifier that is continuously influenced by orality. I have also analyzed, in fact, the connections between oral tradition and Selvon’s fiction, whose linguistic strategies in some ways can be traced back to the calypsonian’s performance. I have also provided an analysis of the variegated socio-linguistic situation in Trinidad, where Creole represents a genuine means of communication with no social connotations. The Caribbean, characterized by multiculturalism but also by a resistance against the denial of specificities in the name of a shadowy cultural unity, was one of the earliest projects of European colonization; the processes of immigration/migration affecting the area and the problematic state of race relations in these countries are paradigmatic of the broader movements of peoples that have played, and will most likely continue to play, a key role in the growth of immigrant communities throughout the modern world. Precisely the increasing level of multiculturalism in Italy, consequence of globalization, has led me to find socio-linguistic parallels between the two different contexts, and thus to suggest an “unbeaten path” for the translation of Creole.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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