In questo lavoro di tesi ci si è occupati dell’espressione, della purificazione e della cristallizzazione di tre proteine umane (l’apolipoproteina M, il recettore del folato α e la proteina SOUL) con lo scopo finale di determinarne la struttura tridimensionale mediante analisi di diffrazione di raggi X. L’apolipoproteina M umana è stata espressa utilizzando il lievito metilotrofico P. pastoris. La proteina ricombinante così ottenuta è stata purificata tramite cromatografia a scambio ionico, isoelettrofocalizzazione preparativa, gel filtrazione e cromatografia ad interazione idrofobica. Per ottenere una proteina più omogenea è stato espresso e purificato anche il mutante Asn135Gln, privo del sito di glicosilazione. Le prove di cristallizzazione hanno dato esito positivo con la proteina mutata, anche se i cristalli fino ad ora ottenuti non sono idonei per gli esperimenti di diffrazione di raggi X. L’espressione eterologa del recettore del folato umano ha dato parecchi problemi, nonostante siano stati provati diversi sistemi di espressione (P. pastoris, baculovirus e N. benthamiana). Solo una piccola quantità di proteina ricombinante è stata ottenuta (da P. pastoris) e purificata (mediante cromatografia a scambio ionico e gel filtrazione). Nessuna delle condizioni di cristallizzazione testata ha avuto successo, probabilmente a causa della bassa concentrazione della proteina utilizzata in tali prove. La proteina SOUL (heme-binding protein 2) è stata espressa in E. coli e purificata tramite cromatografia di affinità, sfruttando la coda di sei istidine aggiunta all’estremità C-terminale della proteina. La SOUL ricombinante è stata cristallizzata sia come apopoteina sia come oloproteina (complesso SOUL/emina). Gli studi preliminari di diffrazione di raggi X mostrano la presenza di sei molecole nella cella unitaria. Non è stata inoltre rilevata alcuna significativa differenza tra la forma apo- e la forma olo-. Ulteriori studi suggeriscono che l’emina non sia legata alla proteina, poiché il picco corrispondente al ferro non è stato trovato nello spettro di fluorescenza ai raggi X ottenuto dai cristalli. Al momento sono in corso i tentativi di risolverne la struttura tridimensionale per mezzo di sostituzione isomorfa multipla, multiwavelength anomalous diffraction e sostituzione molecolare.
This thesis work was aimed at the expression, purification and crystallization of three human proteins (apolipoprotein M, folate receptor α and SOUL protein) in order to determine their three-dimensional structure by means of X-ray protein crystallography. Human apolipoprotein M was expressed using the methylotrophic yeast P. pastoris. The recombinant protein was purified by ion-exchange chromatography, preparative isoelectric focusing, gel filtration, and Lipidex-1000 chromatography. In order to obtain a more homogeneous protein, the non-glycosylated mutant (Asn135Gln) was also expressed and purified. The crystallization trials gave some positive results with mutated apoM, although the crystals are still not suitable for X-ray diffraction experiments. The heterologous expression of the human FR-a was troublesome, and although different expression systems (P. pastoris, baculovirus, and N. benthamiana) were tested, only a low amount of recombinant protein was obtained (from P. pastoris) and purified (by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration). However non of the crystallization conditions tested was successful, probably due to the low protein concentration. Human SOUL (heme-binding protein 2) was expressed in E. coli and purified by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography, using the hexa-histidine tag added to the C-terminus of the protein. The recombinant SOUL was crystallized both as apoprotein and as a complex in the presence of hemin. The preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis shows the presence of six molecules in the unit cell, and no significant differences between the apoand the holoprotein were found. Further studies suggest that hemin is not bound to the protein, since the Fe peak could not be found in the X-ray fluorescence spectrum of the crystals. Attempts to solve the three-dimensional structure by means of multiple isomorphous replacement, multiwavelength anomalous diffraction and molecular replacement are still in progress.
Expression, purification and structural characterization of three human proteins: apolipoprotein M, heme-binding protein 2 and folate receptor α
AMBROSI, Emanuele
2008-01-01
Abstract
This thesis work was aimed at the expression, purification and crystallization of three human proteins (apolipoprotein M, folate receptor α and SOUL protein) in order to determine their three-dimensional structure by means of X-ray protein crystallography. Human apolipoprotein M was expressed using the methylotrophic yeast P. pastoris. The recombinant protein was purified by ion-exchange chromatography, preparative isoelectric focusing, gel filtration, and Lipidex-1000 chromatography. In order to obtain a more homogeneous protein, the non-glycosylated mutant (Asn135Gln) was also expressed and purified. The crystallization trials gave some positive results with mutated apoM, although the crystals are still not suitable for X-ray diffraction experiments. The heterologous expression of the human FR-a was troublesome, and although different expression systems (P. pastoris, baculovirus, and N. benthamiana) were tested, only a low amount of recombinant protein was obtained (from P. pastoris) and purified (by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration). However non of the crystallization conditions tested was successful, probably due to the low protein concentration. Human SOUL (heme-binding protein 2) was expressed in E. coli and purified by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography, using the hexa-histidine tag added to the C-terminus of the protein. The recombinant SOUL was crystallized both as apoprotein and as a complex in the presence of hemin. The preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis shows the presence of six molecules in the unit cell, and no significant differences between the apoand the holoprotein were found. Further studies suggest that hemin is not bound to the protein, since the Fe peak could not be found in the X-ray fluorescence spectrum of the crystals. Attempts to solve the three-dimensional structure by means of multiple isomorphous replacement, multiwavelength anomalous diffraction and molecular replacement are still in progress.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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