Background: Le Protein-Tirosin Fosfatasi (PTPs) costituiscono una nuova classe di molecole segnale implicate nello sviluppo, nella regolazione della proliferazione, nella migrazione e trasformazione cellulare. Inoltre, il non corretto funzionamento di molte PTPs contribuiscono all’eziopatogenesi di diverse patologie umane. Per tale motivo negli ultimi anni numerose ricerche si sono incentrate proprio su questa famiglia di proteine e alcune di esse sono in fase di valutazione come potenziali bersagli farmacologici. In considerazione di queste premesse, il nostro studio si è focalizzato su PTPRG (Protein-Tirosin Fosfatasi Recettoriale Gamma) un membro delle Tirosin Fosfatasi “classiche”, in grado di modulare la differenziazione ematopoietica in un modello di cellule staminali embrionali murine e considerato un gene oncosoppressore nel cancro del rene, del polmone, del colon, dell’ovaio e della mammella. Le nostre ricerche, grazie anche all’ausilio di nuovi strumenti che abbiamo sviluppato, ci hanno permesso di meglio conoscere il profilo di espressione ed il ruolo funzionale di tale enzima e di proporre un importante ruolo di PTPRG in condizioni sia fisiologiche che patologiche. Obiettivi: 1) mettere a punto o creare nuovi strumenti per lo studio di PTPRG; 2) studiare l'espressione di PTPRG in tessuti normali; 3) studiare l'espressione di PTPRG in tessuti neoplastici; 4) effettuare studi funzionali sul ruolo di PTPRG nelle neoplasie. Metodi: purificazione di cellule ematopoietiche e loro coltura, citofluorimetria, tecniche di immunofluorescenza e immunoistochimica, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR, e Western Blot. Risultati: Obiettivo 1. Messa a punto di nuovi strumenti di indagine: Abbiamo ottimizzato dosaggi mediante PCR quantitativa e semi-quantitativa, creato un nuovo anticorpo per lo studio di PTPRG in citofluorimetria e messo a punto le condizioni di utilizzo per tre anticorpi, che riconoscono la proteina PTPRG in altrettanti epitopi distinti per l’utilizzo in indagini immunoistochimiche di tessuti inclusi in paraffina. Obiettivo 2. Espressione di PTPRG in vivo nell’uomo: a) PTPRG rappresenta un nuovo marcatore di cellule dendritiche e macrofagi specializzati; b) PTPRG viene espressa ad elevati livelli da precursori circolanti CD34+, nei quali la differenziazione ne riduce l’espressione; c) PTPRG viene espressa ad elevati livelli da cellule endocrine; d) PTPRG viene espressa ad elevati livelli da cellule epiteliali, inclusi numerosi endoteli; e) abbiamo inoltre raccolto evidenze sperimentali che dimostrano la presenza della sola porzione extracellulare in vivo. Obiettivo 3. PTPRG e neoplasie: a) abbiamo descritto una sostanziale diminuzione dell'espressione della proteina nei tumore dell'ovaio (21%), della mammella (56%) e del polmone (80%), mentre una positività citoplasmatica è stata riscontrata nel 37% dei linfomi, soprattutto quelli ad alto grado di malignità. Inoltre, PTPRG viene sovraespressa nella maggior parte degli astrocitomi ad alto grado, mentre la proteina è normalmente presente soltanto in pochi elementi neuronali e gliali; b) l’espressione di PTPRG viene notevolmente e selettivamente ridotta in pazienti affetti da Leucemia Mieloide Cronica (CML) sia a livello di sangue periferico, sia nel midollo osseo, fenomeno che coinvolge anche le cellule CD34+ e viene ristabilita nei casi di remissione molecolare della malattia. Obiettivo 4. Studi funzionali: a) PTPRG nella Leucemia Mieloide Cronica (CML): l’espressione di PTPRG è ridotta o assente nelle linee cellulari di CML, ove la limitata presenza correla con i livelli più alti di clonogenicità e di proliferazione, mentre la sovraespressione inibisce entrambi i parametri. L’espressione di una forma mutata enzimaticamente inattiva di PTPRG non altera la clonogenicità mentre la proliferazione viene solo parzialmente inibita; b) L’espressione di PTPRG risulta fortemente ridotta od assente nei leucociti di pazienti affetti da leucemia mieloide cronica. Essa viene nuovamente ripristinata in associazione con lo stato di remissione di malattia. c) l’espressione di PTPRG correla con un fenotipo tolerogenico caratteristico di cellule dendritiche differenziate in vitro derivate da pazienti affetti da adenocarcinoma duttale del pancreas. Conclusioni: Sulla base di tali osservazioni possiamo proporre PTPRGcome un nuovo marcatore regolato funzionalmente nei leucociti il cui preciso ruolo in contesti fisiologici e patologici necessita di ulteriori approfondimenti. Abbiamo descritto come i livelli d'espressione di PTPRG siano particolarmente elevati nelle cellule del sistema endocrino e come varino significativamente nel contesto di determinate neoplasie, probabilmente riflettendo lo stato indifferenziato delle cellule neoplastiche e suggerendo un complesso ruolo di questa fosfatasi. I nostri dati sperimentali indicano un ruolo oncosoppressore di PTPRG e suggeriscono che la stessa possa rappresentare un potenziale bersaglio farmacologico nella leucemia Riassunto 8 mieloide cronica. Infatti abbiamo dimostrato una sua ridotta espressione nei leucociti di pazienti affetti da tale patologia; sulla base di queste evidenze, la sua misurazione potrebbe trovare potenziali applicazioni cliniche nella conferma della diagnosi e durante il “follow up” della malattia. Abbiamo inoltre osservato una correlazione tra espressione di PTPRG e fenotipo tolerogenico in cellule dendritiche di pazienti affetti da adenocarcinoma pancreatico, suggerendo quindi un possibile rapporto tra espressione di PTPRG e acquisizione, da parte di cellule specializzate, della capacità di modulare negativamente la risposta immunitaria.
Background: Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) have emerged as a new class of signalling molecules that play important roles in the development, regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and transformation. Moreover, deregulation of several PTPs contributes to the pathogenesis of human diseases. As a result, substantial research over the last decade has focused on the structure and function of PTPs, and a number of these enzymes are now being tested as potential pharmaceutical targets. Considering these assumptions, we focused on Receptor-type Tyrosine-Protein Phosphatase Gamma (PTPRG), a receptor-like transmembrane protein belonging to the family of classical protein tyrosine phosphatases. PTPRG is known to regulate haematopoietic differentiation in a murine embryonic stem cells model and to be involved as a putative tumor suppressor gene in kidney, lung, colon, ovarian and breast cancers. Our studies, supported by the unique tools we developed, led us to recognize new features for this phosphatase, including a possible critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukemia. Aims: 1) set up or develop new tools for analysis of PTPRG; 2) study PTPRG expression in normal tissues; 3) study PTPRG expression in neoplasia; 4) identification of functional role/s for PTPRG. Methods: haematopoietic cells purification and culture, flow cytometry, immunostaining of cells and tissues by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase (RT)- PCR, Western Blot analysis. Results: Aim 1. Set up new tools: We developed a quantitative PCR (QPCR) and semi-quantitative PCR assay, developed a new antibody suitable for flow cytometric detection of PTPRG, set up the conditions for immunohistochemical staining of paraffin embedded tissues by three different antibodies recognizing as many different domains of PTPRG. Aim 2. PTPRG expression in normal tissues: We demonstrated that: a) PTPRG is a new biomarker for monocytes, dendritic cells and specialized macrophages; b) PTPRG is highly expressed by CD34+ circulating precursors and is modulated during differentiation; c) PTPRG is highly expressed by endocrine cells; d) PTPRG is highly expressed by epithelial cells, including several endothelium; e) The isolated PTPRG extracellular domain is expressed in vivo . Aim 3. PTPRG expression in neoplasia: a) We demonstrated a marked loss of PTPRG immunoreactivity in subsets of ovarian (21%), breast (56%) and lung (80%) neoplasms. Conversely, cytoplasmic positivity was found in 37% of lymphomas, mainly of high-grade histotypes, while normal lymphocytes were negative. Brain tissue showed PTPRG expression in a few neuronal and glial elements while PTPRG was overexpressed in the majority of high-grade astrocytomas; b) PTPRG is specifically down modulated in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) patients in both peripheral blood and bone marrow, including in CD34+ cells, and is re-expressed following molecular remission of the disease. Aim 4. Functional studies: a) PTPRG in disease: PTPRG is down-regulated in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) cell lines where reduced expression correlates with higher clonogenicity and proliferation, while overexpression inhibits both parameters. Clonogenicity is unaffected whereas proliferation is partially inhibited by the expression of a phosphatase inactive mutant; b) PTPRG is down-regulated in leukocytes of patients affected by CML and its expression is recovered following molecular remission of the disease. c) PTPRG expression correlates with a tolerogenic phenotype in vitro differentiated dendritic cells isolated from patients affected by pancreatic cancer. Conclusions: We propose PTPRG as a new functionally regulated leukocyte marker whose precise role in normal and pathological context deserve further investigation. We describe particularly high PTPRG expression in endocrine cells and both down- and up-regulation in neoplasia, the latter possibly reflecting the undifferentiated state of the neoplastic cells, suggesting a complex role for this phosphatase in the pathogenesis of cancer in various districts. We provide experimental evidence that PTPRG might represent a new pharmacological target. Its down-regulation represent an early and critical event in the pathogenesis of CML and the measurement of transcript and protein levels might find clinical application to confirm diagnosis and for the follow up of this disease. Finally PTPRG expression was found to correlate with a tolerogenic phenotype in monocyte-derived dendritic cells obtained from patients affected by pancreatic cancer. This observation suggest for PTPRG a possible inhibitory role in the regulation of immune response.
Sviluppo e applicazioni di nuovi strumenti biotecnologici per lo studio del ruolo fisiopatologico della protein-tirosin fosfatasi ricettoriale gamma (PTPRG)
VEZZALINI, Marzia
2008-01-01
Abstract
Background: Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) have emerged as a new class of signalling molecules that play important roles in the development, regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and transformation. Moreover, deregulation of several PTPs contributes to the pathogenesis of human diseases. As a result, substantial research over the last decade has focused on the structure and function of PTPs, and a number of these enzymes are now being tested as potential pharmaceutical targets. Considering these assumptions, we focused on Receptor-type Tyrosine-Protein Phosphatase Gamma (PTPRG), a receptor-like transmembrane protein belonging to the family of classical protein tyrosine phosphatases. PTPRG is known to regulate haematopoietic differentiation in a murine embryonic stem cells model and to be involved as a putative tumor suppressor gene in kidney, lung, colon, ovarian and breast cancers. Our studies, supported by the unique tools we developed, led us to recognize new features for this phosphatase, including a possible critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukemia. Aims: 1) set up or develop new tools for analysis of PTPRG; 2) study PTPRG expression in normal tissues; 3) study PTPRG expression in neoplasia; 4) identification of functional role/s for PTPRG. Methods: haematopoietic cells purification and culture, flow cytometry, immunostaining of cells and tissues by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase (RT)- PCR, Western Blot analysis. Results: Aim 1. Set up new tools: We developed a quantitative PCR (QPCR) and semi-quantitative PCR assay, developed a new antibody suitable for flow cytometric detection of PTPRG, set up the conditions for immunohistochemical staining of paraffin embedded tissues by three different antibodies recognizing as many different domains of PTPRG. Aim 2. PTPRG expression in normal tissues: We demonstrated that: a) PTPRG is a new biomarker for monocytes, dendritic cells and specialized macrophages; b) PTPRG is highly expressed by CD34+ circulating precursors and is modulated during differentiation; c) PTPRG is highly expressed by endocrine cells; d) PTPRG is highly expressed by epithelial cells, including several endothelium; e) The isolated PTPRG extracellular domain is expressed in vivo . Aim 3. PTPRG expression in neoplasia: a) We demonstrated a marked loss of PTPRG immunoreactivity in subsets of ovarian (21%), breast (56%) and lung (80%) neoplasms. Conversely, cytoplasmic positivity was found in 37% of lymphomas, mainly of high-grade histotypes, while normal lymphocytes were negative. Brain tissue showed PTPRG expression in a few neuronal and glial elements while PTPRG was overexpressed in the majority of high-grade astrocytomas; b) PTPRG is specifically down modulated in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) patients in both peripheral blood and bone marrow, including in CD34+ cells, and is re-expressed following molecular remission of the disease. Aim 4. Functional studies: a) PTPRG in disease: PTPRG is down-regulated in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) cell lines where reduced expression correlates with higher clonogenicity and proliferation, while overexpression inhibits both parameters. Clonogenicity is unaffected whereas proliferation is partially inhibited by the expression of a phosphatase inactive mutant; b) PTPRG is down-regulated in leukocytes of patients affected by CML and its expression is recovered following molecular remission of the disease. c) PTPRG expression correlates with a tolerogenic phenotype in vitro differentiated dendritic cells isolated from patients affected by pancreatic cancer. Conclusions: We propose PTPRG as a new functionally regulated leukocyte marker whose precise role in normal and pathological context deserve further investigation. We describe particularly high PTPRG expression in endocrine cells and both down- and up-regulation in neoplasia, the latter possibly reflecting the undifferentiated state of the neoplastic cells, suggesting a complex role for this phosphatase in the pathogenesis of cancer in various districts. We provide experimental evidence that PTPRG might represent a new pharmacological target. Its down-regulation represent an early and critical event in the pathogenesis of CML and the measurement of transcript and protein levels might find clinical application to confirm diagnosis and for the follow up of this disease. Finally PTPRG expression was found to correlate with a tolerogenic phenotype in monocyte-derived dendritic cells obtained from patients affected by pancreatic cancer. This observation suggest for PTPRG a possible inhibitory role in the regulation of immune response.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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