L’insorgenza di epidemie legate all’ambiente marino sembra esser un fenomeno mondiale in aumento ed un numero crescente di infezioni batteriche umane è stato associato ad aree ricreazionali e legate all’uso commerciale di risorse marine. A causa dell’aumentata dipendenza umana dall’ambiente marino per la pesca, l’acquacoltura, dispositivi di scarico, la potenziale emergenza di patogeni dall’ambiente marino deve esser investigata. Una particolare sfida è costituita dalla potenziale espansione di patogeni marini esistenti nel mare e l’emergenza di nuovi patogeni derivati da ceppi marini autoctoni che hanno acquisito nuovi tratti virulenti via trasferimento genico orizzontale. Alcuni esempi sono l’aumentato consumo di prodotti marini, la comparsa edil diffondersi mondiale di nuovi ceppi di V.parahaemolyticus con potenziale pandemico, e negli ultimi anni alcuni casi di infezioni umane da ceppi di Vibrio species non patogeni. Lo scopo di questa tesi è stato di comparare ceppi di V.parahaemolyticus ambientali e clinici dal punto di vista genetico e di valutare il potenziale patogeno dei ceppi ambientali. I ceppi batterici, profondamente studiati nel corso della tesi di Dottorato, sono stati isolati dal Mar Nord Adriatico nel contesto del progetto internazionale “VibrioSea Project”, che aveva come obiettivo quello di sviluppare un sistema di allerta precoce per predire e prevenire le malattie a trasmissione idrica nel Mare Mediterraneo. La collezione di ceppi ambientali di V.parahaemolyticus è stata caratterizzata tramite una genotipizzazione molecolare per investigare se ceppi isolati nei differenti siti geografici o nei vari periodi dell’anno fossero correlati geneticamente e se fosse possibile identificare cloni persistenti nel tempo o in un sito geografico. Considerando globalmente i dati ottenuti con i 4 metodi di tipizzazione molecolari (ribotyping, PFGE, REP-PCR and ERIC-PCR), e sierotipizzazione, è stato possibile identificare alcuni clusters genetici persistenti in un’area anche per alcuni periodi lunghi. Al contrario non si è potuta stabilire la correlazione tra il tipo di campione o un sito geografico e specifici pattern genici. Il contemporaneo uso di differenti metodi di genotipizzazione si è rivelato essere un approccio efficace permettendo il raggruppamento in ceppi correlati geneticamente e, discriminando, sulla base di piccole differenze, batteri presentanti profili genici molto simili. Nella seconda parte dello studio è stato valutato il potenziale patogeno dei ceppi ambientali adottando un approccio genomico, sia utilizzando il metodo standard della PCR che un metodo computazionale innovativo, Insignia, che ha permesso il rilevamento di una serie di ceppi ambientali che presentano nel genoma un’siola di patogenicità, includendo diversi geni associati all virulenza. Successivamente l’analisi in vitro della capacità di alcuni ceppi ambientali rappresentativi di aderire e causare danno cellulare a cellule eucarioti ha confermato la patogenicità di ceppi marini. Sulla base dei dati ottenuti emerge che l’ambiente marino rappresenta un serbatoio di batteri portanti geni di virulenza costituendo così un problema di salute pubblica ed un rischio per la salute umana.
Disease outbreaks related to the marine environment appear to be escalating worldwide and growing number of human bacterial infections have been associated with recreational areas and commercial uses of marines resources. Because of the increasing human dependence on marine environments for fisheries, aquaculture, waste disposal and recreation, the potential for pathogen emergence from ocean ecosystems requires investigation. Particular challenge are the potential expansion of existing-marine indigenous pathogens and the emergence of new pathogens derived from autochthonous marine strains which have acquired new virulence traits via horizontal genetic transfer. The increasing consume of marine food products, the appearance and worldwide spread of new clones of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with pandemic potential and reporting, in very recent years, of some human infection cases caused by non pathogenic vibrios species, are some examples. The scope of this study has been to compare environmental and clinical Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from the genetic point of view and to evaluate the pathogenic potential of the environmental strains. The bacterial strains deeply studied in this doctoral thesis were isolated from the Northern Adriatic Sea in the context of the international VibrioSea Project, aimed to develop a satellite-based early warning system to predict and prevent water-borne diseases in the Mediterranean Sea. The environmental V. parahaemolyticus strain collection was characterized performing a molecular genotyping to investigate whether the strains isolated in different geographical sites or in different periods of the year were clonally related and if it would be possible to identify clones persisting in time and/or different geographic sites. Considering globally the results obtained with 4 molecular typing methods (ribotyping, PFGE, REP-PCR and ERIC-PCR) and serotyping it has been possible to identify a number of bacterial genetic clusters persisting in the area also for long periods of time. On the contrary, a correlation between the type of sample or a geographic site and specific genetic patterns, has not been established. The contemporary use of different genotyping methods proved to be an effective approach allowing the grouping of genetically related strains also discriminating, on the basis of small differences, bacteria presenting very similar genetic profiles. In the second part of the study, the pathogenic potential of the environmental strains was evaluated adopting a genomic approach applying standard protocols, such as PCR, but also the innovative computational method Insignia which enabled the detection of a series of environmental strains carrying a pathogenicity island including several virulence-related genes. The subsequent in vitro analysis of the ability of representative environmental strains to adhere to and to cause cell damage in eukaryotic cells confirmed the pathogenic capability of the marine strains. On the basis of the data obtained it emerges that the marine environment represents a reservoir of bacteria carrying virulence genes thus constituting a public health concern and a risk to human health.
Marine environment and human health: a whole genomic analysis and evaluation of the pathogenic potential of V.parahaemolyticus strains isolated from Northern Italian seawaters and carrying virulence genes
CABURLOTTO, Greta
2009-01-01
Abstract
Disease outbreaks related to the marine environment appear to be escalating worldwide and growing number of human bacterial infections have been associated with recreational areas and commercial uses of marines resources. Because of the increasing human dependence on marine environments for fisheries, aquaculture, waste disposal and recreation, the potential for pathogen emergence from ocean ecosystems requires investigation. Particular challenge are the potential expansion of existing-marine indigenous pathogens and the emergence of new pathogens derived from autochthonous marine strains which have acquired new virulence traits via horizontal genetic transfer. The increasing consume of marine food products, the appearance and worldwide spread of new clones of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with pandemic potential and reporting, in very recent years, of some human infection cases caused by non pathogenic vibrios species, are some examples. The scope of this study has been to compare environmental and clinical Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from the genetic point of view and to evaluate the pathogenic potential of the environmental strains. The bacterial strains deeply studied in this doctoral thesis were isolated from the Northern Adriatic Sea in the context of the international VibrioSea Project, aimed to develop a satellite-based early warning system to predict and prevent water-borne diseases in the Mediterranean Sea. The environmental V. parahaemolyticus strain collection was characterized performing a molecular genotyping to investigate whether the strains isolated in different geographical sites or in different periods of the year were clonally related and if it would be possible to identify clones persisting in time and/or different geographic sites. Considering globally the results obtained with 4 molecular typing methods (ribotyping, PFGE, REP-PCR and ERIC-PCR) and serotyping it has been possible to identify a number of bacterial genetic clusters persisting in the area also for long periods of time. On the contrary, a correlation between the type of sample or a geographic site and specific genetic patterns, has not been established. The contemporary use of different genotyping methods proved to be an effective approach allowing the grouping of genetically related strains also discriminating, on the basis of small differences, bacteria presenting very similar genetic profiles. In the second part of the study, the pathogenic potential of the environmental strains was evaluated adopting a genomic approach applying standard protocols, such as PCR, but also the innovative computational method Insignia which enabled the detection of a series of environmental strains carrying a pathogenicity island including several virulence-related genes. The subsequent in vitro analysis of the ability of representative environmental strains to adhere to and to cause cell damage in eukaryotic cells confirmed the pathogenic capability of the marine strains. On the basis of the data obtained it emerges that the marine environment represents a reservoir of bacteria carrying virulence genes thus constituting a public health concern and a risk to human health.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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