La presente tesi illustra le potenzialità ed i recenti progressi della elettroforesi capillare (CE) abbinata alla spettrometria di massa (MS) nell’ambito delle scienze forensi. Dopo un’estesa panoramica, aggiornata al 2008, di applicazioni tossicologico-forensi della tecnica combinata CE-MS (Capitolo 2), vengono presentati due lavori originali di ricerca di interesse forense, che differiscono per scopo, tipo di rivelatore di MS e range di peso molecolare. La prima delle due applicazioni (Capitolo 3) è finalizzata all’analisi delle modifiche post-traslazionali dell’emoglobina (Hb) indotte dall’abuso di alcol (formazione di addotti dell’Hb con l’acetaldeide). In questo caso, viene sfruttata la capacità della trappola ionica tridimensionale di fornire frammentazione e quindi informazioni strutturali. In particolare, sono stati condotti esperimenti in modalità “data dependency” per incrementare la qualità e la quantità di informazioni ricavabili da ogni singola corsa analitica. Gli addotti dell’Hb con l’acetaldeide (AcH) sono stati identificati come possibili marker biologici di abuso di alcol sin daglia anni ‘80, ma la mancanza di tecniche analitiche sufficientemente sensibili e specifiche, ha reso inaccessibile per anni sia l’identificazione degli addotti AcH-Hb in campioni reali di sangue e sia la sitematica indagine strutturale degli addotti stessi. Sulla scorta della bibliografia in nostro possesso, abbiamo sfruttato l’accoppiamento di uno strumento CE (P/ACE MDQ, Beckman Instruments, Fullerton, CA-US) col rivelatore di massa a trappola ionica (LCQ Deca XP-Max, Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Josè, CA-US) attraverso un’interfaccia ESI coassiale, opportunamente modificata per la combinazione con la CE, allo scopo di individuare e caratterizzare gli addotti dell’Hb con l’AcH ottenuti da esperimenti di incubazione in vitro. L’ottimizzazione delle condizioni di separazione e di rivelazione, ha permesso di identificare tutti i peptidi ottenuti dalla digestione triptica dell’Hb incubata con l’AcH a concentrazioni di rilevanza fisiologica (0.2 mM) e differenti tempi di incubazione. L’applicazione della modalità di rivelazione “data dependent” – costituita da tre esperimenti successivi (Triple play®, ThermoFisher Scientific) – ha permesso inoltre di ottenere i valori di massa accurata dei frammenti peptidici modificati per addizione di AcH e di identificare precisamente l’amminoacido su cui tale addizione fosse avvenuta, attraverso l’analisi dei pattern di frammentazione. Sono stati identificati i prodotti di addizione dell’AcH con la valina Nterminale di entrambe le catene α e β dell’Hb (frammenti Ach-α1 e Ach-β1) e due ulteriori addotti (Ach-α4 e Ach-β3). Questa è la prima volta che quattro diversi addotti, ottenuti da esperimenti in vitro a concentrazioni sub-millimolari di AcH, vengono identificati e caratterizzati per via analitica e strumentale. La seconda applicazione presentata in questa tesi (Capitolo 4) è finalizzata all’identificazione di molecole di interesse tossicologico e loro metaboliti a basso peso molecolare in campioni di capelli. In questo caso, l’accuratezza di massa ottenibile col rivelatore a tempo di volo (TOF) ha permesso di identificare molecole incognite in esperimenti di carattere totalmente generico. L’analisi dei capelli è ampliamente utilizzata in tossicologia forense per identificare l’abuso cronico di droghe, in quanto la matrice pilifera mostra i vantaggi di facile raccolta, manipolazione e conservazione del campione, scarso metabolismo e di conseguenza stabilità a lungo termine (anche mesi) delle molecole adsorbite. La rapida identificazione di droghe, veleni, farmaci e loro metaboliti attraverso metodi di analisi generica è di cruciale importanza per la tempestiva diagnosi di casi di intossicazione, per l’identificazione di abuso di droghe e, spesso, per la determinazione della causa della morte. La combinazione della CE (P/ACE 550, Beckman Instruments, Fullerton, CA-US) col rivelatore di massa TOF (MicrOTOF, Bruker Daltonics, Brema, Germania) appare particolarmente promettente per l’obiettivo dell’analisi tossicologica generica di campioni incogniti, grazie all’alta risoluzione (tipicamente 10000), l’accuratezza di massa (inferiore a 5 ppm per pesi molecolari fino a 500 Da) e la sensibilità in modalità full scan offerte dal TOF. Inoltre, l’alta velocità di campionamento di questo rivelatore pulsato ben si presta all’accoppiamento con la CE, tecnica caratterizzata da alta efficienza di separazione. La tecnica CE-TOF può così combinare il potere identificativo del rivelatore con i vantaggi di rapido sviluppo del metodo e minime quantità richieste di campione, elementi tipici della separazione elettroforetica e di grande importanza nell’analisi tossicologica ad ampio spettro. Nel presente lavoro, la ricerca generica di droghe illecite, farmaci e loro metaboliti è stata condotta su campioni di capelli prelevati da volontari in trattamento presso una comunità terapeutica. Lo studio dei casi reali dimostra che la combinazione della separazione in CE con il rivelatore di massa TOF offre un efficace, sebbene non esaustivo, strumento per l’analisi tossicologica generica dei capelli, mostrando i vantaggi di velocità di analisi, completezza di informazioni ottenibili in una singola corsa analitica e buona confidenza sull’identificazione molecolare, attraverso la valutazione della massa accurata e del pattern isotopico degli analiti incogniti. Il metodo qui proposto offre un efficiente potere diagnostico per l’identificazione di molecole di interesse tossicologico e per la loro valutazione semi-quantitativa attraverso il confronto con un valore di cut-off, sebbene mostri scarsa applicabilità per determinazioni quantitative accurate di analiti in matrici biologiche. I due rivelatori di massa impiegati nel lavoro di ricerca qui presentato hanno caratteristiche e potenzialità diverse e mostrano la loro applicabilità a scopi diversi. L’accoppiamento di una tecnica separativa altamente efficiente, come la CE, con la specificità ineguagliata del detector di massa, offre uno strumento unico nelle mani dello scienziato forense tanto per test di screening quanto per test di conferma, combinando i vantaggi di facile messa a punto del metodo, minimi requisiti di quantità di campione e di solvente, analisi rapide, sensibilità e potere identificativo. Sebbene attraente, l’accoppiamento CE-MS rappresenta una sfida tecnologica, per le caratteristiche intrinseche delle due tecniche. I problemi tecnici, le possibili soluzioni realizzate e gli sviluppi tecnologici della CE-MS sono discussi nel Capitolo 1 di questa tesi. In particolare, sono qui descritti in dettaglio gli elementi principali coinvolti nell’accoppiamento strumentale fra CE e MS, il disegno della sorgente ionica e dell’interfaccia. I recenti risultati dell’accoppiamento CE-MS sono dimostrati dall’enorme numero di pubblicazioni apparsi in riviste internazionali negli ultimi cinque o dieci anni, con applicazioni in svariati settori scientifici, dal farmaceutico all’ambientale, alle scienze “omiche”. Nonostante il cauto e a volte sospettoso atteggiamento degli scienziati forensi nei confronti di nuove tecniche e metodi analitici, i recenti sviluppi tecnologici della tecnica combinata CE-MS hanno promosso il suo impiego sempre maggiore, anche nell’uso di routine e per test formali, in vari campi applicativi.
The present thesis explores the potential and achievements of capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) hyphenated technique for forensic science purposes. After an extensive overview of Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Mass Spectrometry (a review of CE-MS applications of forensic and toxicological interest updated to 2008 is presented in Chapter 2), two new original CE-MS applications of forensic interest are proposed, differing in scope, mass detection mode and molecular mass range. The first application (Chapter 3) deals with protein analysis and posttranslational modifications of hemoglobin (Hb) induced by severe alcohol abuse. The fragmentation ability of MS tridimensional ion trap is exploited for structure investigation, and data dependency is used as experimental mode to improve the quality and quantity of information gained in each analytical run. Hb adducts with acetaldehyde (AcH) had been recognized as possible markers for alcohol abuse since 1980s, but the lack of sensitive and specific techniques has hampered for years both the recognition of AcH-Hb adducts in volunteer blood samples and their systematic structural investigation. With the available literature data in our hands, we have exploited the on-line coupling of CE (P/ACE MDQ, Beckman Instruments, Fullerton, CA-US) with ion trap mass detector (LCQ Deca XP-Max, Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Josè, CA-US) through a co-axial ESI interface, properly modified for CE coupling, in order to identify and characterize Hb adducts with AcH obtained by in vitro incubation experiments. Optimisation of CE separation and mass detection conditions led us to the identification of all peptides gained by the tryptic digestion of Hb incubated with AcH at the physiologically relevant AcH concentration (0.2 mM), for different incubation times. The aid of data dependent experiments - comprising three subsequent steps (Triple play®, ThermoFisher Scientific) – enabled us to accurately measure the mass value of the ions carrying AcH residues and to identify the site of addition through the analysis of the fragmentation patterns. The condensation products of AcH with the terminal Valine (Ach-α1 and Ach-β1) and two further adducts (Ach-α4 and Ach-β3) on both alpha and beta Hb chains have been identified. This is the first time that four different adducts are identified and characterized by means of in vitro experiments using a sub millimolar concentration of acetaldehyde. The second application presented in this thesis (Chapter 4) is aimed at the identification of low molecular weight molecules of toxicological interest and their metabolites in hair. The mass accuracy achievable with high resolution time of flight (TOF) spectrometer has enabled the identification of unknown molecules in a generic experimental set-up. Hair testing is widely employed in forensic toxicology to investigate chronic drug abuse, since it shows the advantages of easy sample manipulation, collection and storage, poor metabolism and molecule preservation from both internal and external degradation, allowing for long-term stability (even months) of the absorbed substances. The rapid identification of drugs, toxicants and their metabolites by generic search methods is crucial for the prompt diagnosis of intoxication cases, for the characterization of drug abuse or misuse and, often, for the elucidation of the cause of death. CE (P/ACE 550, Beckman Instruments, Fullerton, CA-US) combination with TOF mass spectrometer (MicrOTOF, Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) looks particularly promising for the aim of accomplishing generic toxicological analysis of unknown samples, due to TOF high resolution (typically 10000), mass accuracy (lower than 5 ppm for molecular weights up to 500 Da) and full-scan sensitivity. Moreover, being the high scan speed of this pulsed mass spectrometer suitable for coupling with the highly efficient CE technique, the combination produces also the advantages of rapid method development and minimal sample requirements - typical of electrophoretic techniques - which are of major importance in broad spectrum toxicological analysis. In the present work, generic search of illicit and therapeutic drugs and their metabolites was carried out in hair specimens collected from subjects under treatment in a therapeutic community for a history of drug or alcohol addiction. The real cases study demonstrates that the combination of CE separation with TOF mass detection provides a proficient, although not exhaustive, approach to the general unknown screening of drugs in hair, showing the advantages of speed of analysis, retrieval of all valuable information in a single analytical run and good confidence in molecular identification through the evaluation of exact mass and ion isotopic pattern. The proposed method can provide an effective diagnostic power for toxicant identification and semi-quantitative comparison towards a cut-off limit of admissibility, although scarce suitability is proved for accurate quantitation of analytes in biological matrices. The two mass detectors employed in the research work presented here have different features, strengths and weaknesses and they have shown to fit for different purposes. The hyphenation of a highly efficient separation technique - such as CE - with the unequally specific mass detector, provides a unique tool in the hand of forensic scientists for screening and confirmation tests in many circumstances, combining the advantages of easy experimental set-up, tiny sample and solvent requirements, fast analytical runs, sensitivity, identification power. Although attractive, the hyphenation of CE with MS is a technological challenge, for the intrinsic features of the two techniques. The issues, historical solutions and technological developments of CE-MS coupling are discussed in the first part of the Thesis (Chapter 1). In particular, the key elements involved in the design of a CE-MS hyphenated instrument (namely, the ion source and the interface) and the mode they are connected to the mass analyzer are described in details. The recent achievements of CE-MS coupling are demonstrated by the huge rate of publishing in the last five to ten years in several scientific fields, ranging from pharmaceutical to environmental to “omic” sciences. Despite the cautious and sometimes suspicious forensic scientists’ attitude towards new techniques and methods, the recent technological improvements of CE-MS set-up have promoted its increased use as daily and well-established technique for formal testing in various application fields.
Mass spectrometry as a new detector for capillary electrophoresis: applications in forensic science
FANIGLIULO, AMERIGA
2009-01-01
Abstract
The present thesis explores the potential and achievements of capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) hyphenated technique for forensic science purposes. After an extensive overview of Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Mass Spectrometry (a review of CE-MS applications of forensic and toxicological interest updated to 2008 is presented in Chapter 2), two new original CE-MS applications of forensic interest are proposed, differing in scope, mass detection mode and molecular mass range. The first application (Chapter 3) deals with protein analysis and posttranslational modifications of hemoglobin (Hb) induced by severe alcohol abuse. The fragmentation ability of MS tridimensional ion trap is exploited for structure investigation, and data dependency is used as experimental mode to improve the quality and quantity of information gained in each analytical run. Hb adducts with acetaldehyde (AcH) had been recognized as possible markers for alcohol abuse since 1980s, but the lack of sensitive and specific techniques has hampered for years both the recognition of AcH-Hb adducts in volunteer blood samples and their systematic structural investigation. With the available literature data in our hands, we have exploited the on-line coupling of CE (P/ACE MDQ, Beckman Instruments, Fullerton, CA-US) with ion trap mass detector (LCQ Deca XP-Max, Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Josè, CA-US) through a co-axial ESI interface, properly modified for CE coupling, in order to identify and characterize Hb adducts with AcH obtained by in vitro incubation experiments. Optimisation of CE separation and mass detection conditions led us to the identification of all peptides gained by the tryptic digestion of Hb incubated with AcH at the physiologically relevant AcH concentration (0.2 mM), for different incubation times. The aid of data dependent experiments - comprising three subsequent steps (Triple play®, ThermoFisher Scientific) – enabled us to accurately measure the mass value of the ions carrying AcH residues and to identify the site of addition through the analysis of the fragmentation patterns. The condensation products of AcH with the terminal Valine (Ach-α1 and Ach-β1) and two further adducts (Ach-α4 and Ach-β3) on both alpha and beta Hb chains have been identified. This is the first time that four different adducts are identified and characterized by means of in vitro experiments using a sub millimolar concentration of acetaldehyde. The second application presented in this thesis (Chapter 4) is aimed at the identification of low molecular weight molecules of toxicological interest and their metabolites in hair. The mass accuracy achievable with high resolution time of flight (TOF) spectrometer has enabled the identification of unknown molecules in a generic experimental set-up. Hair testing is widely employed in forensic toxicology to investigate chronic drug abuse, since it shows the advantages of easy sample manipulation, collection and storage, poor metabolism and molecule preservation from both internal and external degradation, allowing for long-term stability (even months) of the absorbed substances. The rapid identification of drugs, toxicants and their metabolites by generic search methods is crucial for the prompt diagnosis of intoxication cases, for the characterization of drug abuse or misuse and, often, for the elucidation of the cause of death. CE (P/ACE 550, Beckman Instruments, Fullerton, CA-US) combination with TOF mass spectrometer (MicrOTOF, Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) looks particularly promising for the aim of accomplishing generic toxicological analysis of unknown samples, due to TOF high resolution (typically 10000), mass accuracy (lower than 5 ppm for molecular weights up to 500 Da) and full-scan sensitivity. Moreover, being the high scan speed of this pulsed mass spectrometer suitable for coupling with the highly efficient CE technique, the combination produces also the advantages of rapid method development and minimal sample requirements - typical of electrophoretic techniques - which are of major importance in broad spectrum toxicological analysis. In the present work, generic search of illicit and therapeutic drugs and their metabolites was carried out in hair specimens collected from subjects under treatment in a therapeutic community for a history of drug or alcohol addiction. The real cases study demonstrates that the combination of CE separation with TOF mass detection provides a proficient, although not exhaustive, approach to the general unknown screening of drugs in hair, showing the advantages of speed of analysis, retrieval of all valuable information in a single analytical run and good confidence in molecular identification through the evaluation of exact mass and ion isotopic pattern. The proposed method can provide an effective diagnostic power for toxicant identification and semi-quantitative comparison towards a cut-off limit of admissibility, although scarce suitability is proved for accurate quantitation of analytes in biological matrices. The two mass detectors employed in the research work presented here have different features, strengths and weaknesses and they have shown to fit for different purposes. The hyphenation of a highly efficient separation technique - such as CE - with the unequally specific mass detector, provides a unique tool in the hand of forensic scientists for screening and confirmation tests in many circumstances, combining the advantages of easy experimental set-up, tiny sample and solvent requirements, fast analytical runs, sensitivity, identification power. Although attractive, the hyphenation of CE with MS is a technological challenge, for the intrinsic features of the two techniques. The issues, historical solutions and technological developments of CE-MS coupling are discussed in the first part of the Thesis (Chapter 1). In particular, the key elements involved in the design of a CE-MS hyphenated instrument (namely, the ion source and the interface) and the mode they are connected to the mass analyzer are described in details. The recent achievements of CE-MS coupling are demonstrated by the huge rate of publishing in the last five to ten years in several scientific fields, ranging from pharmaceutical to environmental to “omic” sciences. Despite the cautious and sometimes suspicious forensic scientists’ attitude towards new techniques and methods, the recent technological improvements of CE-MS set-up have promoted its increased use as daily and well-established technique for formal testing in various application fields.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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