Le protesi vascolari di piccolo calibro (< 6 millimetri) non sono soddisfacenti nell'applicazione clinica cardiovascolare. Le cause principali sono da ricercarsi nella trombosi precoce, nell’iperplasia intimale tardiva e nella infezione. Per ovviare a questi inconvenienti sono state assemblate, mediante la tecnica denominata electrospinning, protesi vascolari di piccolo calibro biodegradabili a base di nanofibre di policaprolactone (PCL), con lento rilascio di farmaco anti-proliferativo. E’ stata utilizzata una soluzione contenente PCL miscelato a Paclitaxel per la preparazione di protesi di 2 millimetri di diametro interno. Le proprietà meccaniche, morfologiche e del rilascio del farmaco sono state studiate in vitro. La pervietà, la degradazione, la reazione tissutale e la reazione come effetto del farmaco (morfologia) sono state studiate in vivo: il modello prescelto è stato la sostituzione dell’aorta addominale infrarenale con le protesi di solo PCL e le protesi trattate con PTX in 18 ratti, con follow-up massimo di 6 mesi. In vitro le protesi hanno mostrato una morfologia controllata simulando la matrice extra-cellulare (fibra di diametro 500-2000nm) con proprietà meccaniche simili a quelle dei vasi nativi (tensile stress > 1.4MPa, tensile strain > 100%). Il farmaco presente nella miscela non ha avuto alcun impatto negativo sulle proprietà meccaniche; inoltre il farmaco è stato rilasciato in modo controllato nell’arco di 1 mese. L’angiografia in vivo non ha mostrato alcuna differenza di pervietà delle due tipologie di protesi (100%); non sono state rinvenute dilatazioni aneurismatiche. Le principali differenze morfologiche sono state riscontrate in termini di neoendotelizzazione, rallentata per le protesi PCL-PTX, ma confluente (CD31 +) con iperplasia intimale lieve dopo 6 settimane nelle protesi di PCL ed in termini di infiltrato cellulare, notevolmente ridotto nel PCLPTX. Le protesi di policaprolactone biodegradabili, elettro-filate, di nanofibre, sono promettenti, poiché, in vitro, mantengono le loro proprietà meccaniche (indipendentemente dal quantitativo di farmaco), ed in vivo mostrano un’ottima pervietà, una progressiva endotelizzazione e vengono rimodellate con cellule autologhe. Il trattamento farmacologico induce minor infiammazione e reazione tessutale e quindi potrebbe costituire una promettente alternativa come condotto non autologo (p.es. nel bypass aorto-coronarico)
Small-calibre vascular prostheses (<6 mm) are unsatisfactory. Reasons for failure are early thrombosis and late intimal hyperplasia. To overcome this we manufactured biodegradable small-calibre vascular prostheses using electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL)-based nanofibres with slow releasing paclitaxel (PTX), an anti-proliferative drug. PCL solution containing PTX (0-1% w:w) was used to prepare nonwoven nanofibre-based 2mm ID prostheses. Mechanical, morphological properties and drug loading, distribution and release were studied in vitro. Infrarenal abdominal aortic replacement was carried out with nondrug- loaded and drug-loaded prostheses in 18 rats and followed up to 6 months. Patency, stenosis, tissue reaction and drug effect on endothelialisation, vascular remodelling and neo-intima formation (morphometry) were studied in vivo. In vitro: prostheses showed controlled morphology mimicking extracellular matrix (fibre diameter 500-2000nm) with mechanical properties similar to those of native vessels (tensile stress >1.4MPa, tensile strain >100%). Drug-loading had no negative impact on mechanical properties and drugs were released in a controlled manner over 1 month. In vivo: angiography showed 100% patency, no stenosis, no aneurysmal dilatation and there were no differences among the two groups. Major morphologic differences were found between the nondrug- loaded and drug-loaded prostheses. Endothelial coverage and cell ingrowth were significantly reduced and delayed in the PTX Group at 3 and 12 weeks but, neo-intima formation was significantly reduced in the drug-loaded grafts at 12 weeks. Degradable, electro-spun, nanofibre, polycaprolactone prostheses are promising since, in vitro they maintain their mechanical properties (regardless of drug-loading), and in vivo show good patency, reendothelialise and remodel with autologous cells. Drug loading delays endothelialisation and cellular ingrowth which may be problematic in degradable grafts. Conversely, it reduces neo-intima formation and thus may be an interesting option for small calibre vascular grafts. However, long-term follow-up studies are needed to confirm the usefulness of anti-proliferative drug-release in biodegradable scaffolds for cardiovascular clinical applications.
Protesi vascolari sintetiche biodegradabili drug-eluting: modelli sperimentali in vitro ed in vivo
INNOCENTE, Francesco
2009-01-01
Abstract
Small-calibre vascular prostheses (<6 mm) are unsatisfactory. Reasons for failure are early thrombosis and late intimal hyperplasia. To overcome this we manufactured biodegradable small-calibre vascular prostheses using electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL)-based nanofibres with slow releasing paclitaxel (PTX), an anti-proliferative drug. PCL solution containing PTX (0-1% w:w) was used to prepare nonwoven nanofibre-based 2mm ID prostheses. Mechanical, morphological properties and drug loading, distribution and release were studied in vitro. Infrarenal abdominal aortic replacement was carried out with nondrug- loaded and drug-loaded prostheses in 18 rats and followed up to 6 months. Patency, stenosis, tissue reaction and drug effect on endothelialisation, vascular remodelling and neo-intima formation (morphometry) were studied in vivo. In vitro: prostheses showed controlled morphology mimicking extracellular matrix (fibre diameter 500-2000nm) with mechanical properties similar to those of native vessels (tensile stress >1.4MPa, tensile strain >100%). Drug-loading had no negative impact on mechanical properties and drugs were released in a controlled manner over 1 month. In vivo: angiography showed 100% patency, no stenosis, no aneurysmal dilatation and there were no differences among the two groups. Major morphologic differences were found between the nondrug- loaded and drug-loaded prostheses. Endothelial coverage and cell ingrowth were significantly reduced and delayed in the PTX Group at 3 and 12 weeks but, neo-intima formation was significantly reduced in the drug-loaded grafts at 12 weeks. Degradable, electro-spun, nanofibre, polycaprolactone prostheses are promising since, in vitro they maintain their mechanical properties (regardless of drug-loading), and in vivo show good patency, reendothelialise and remodel with autologous cells. Drug loading delays endothelialisation and cellular ingrowth which may be problematic in degradable grafts. Conversely, it reduces neo-intima formation and thus may be an interesting option for small calibre vascular grafts. However, long-term follow-up studies are needed to confirm the usefulness of anti-proliferative drug-release in biodegradable scaffolds for cardiovascular clinical applications.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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